Abstract
Background: Chronic obstructive airway disease (COAD) is a neutrophilic inflammatory disease but can transform into eosinophilic inflammation during exacerbation usually reflected in increase sputum eosinophil count. Peripheral blood eosinophilia (PBE) has been reported in some studies to be a good marker of sputum eosinophil. Eosinophilia either in the sputum or peripheral blood has also been reported to be associated with increased risk of infective exacerbation and increased response to inhale corticosteroid (ICS) in patients with COAD. The aim of this study is to determine the relationship of post admission PBE counts and the outcomes in the treatment of acute infective exacerbation of COAD.
Methods: This is a prospective study of patients with COAD admitted with infective exacerbation between June to September 2016 and followed up till January 2017. The PBE of the patients were estimated on admission and on discharge. The patients were classified into eosinophilic and none-eosinophilic COAD on discharge based on the level of blood eosinophil count of above or below 0.3 × 109/l respectively. Means and student t test were used to describe the none categorical data and odd ratio (OR) was used to determine the risk of readmission.
Results: On admission 26.7% (16) had eosinophilic COAD (mean PBE count of 0.545 × 109/l ± 0.339 × 109/l) while 73.3% (44) had none-eosinophilic COAD (0.0454 ×109/l ± 0.0663 × 109/l). There was no difference in the length of hospital stay (LOHS) between patients with PBE count of ≥ 0.3 × 109/l (5.36 ± 6.26 days) and those with ≤ 0.2 × 109/l (6.26 ± 4.57 days) on admission (t=-0.48848, p =0.314). Irrespective of the PBE on admission most of the patients (95.3%) received parenteral (oral or intravenous) corticosteroid as part of their treatment regimen. On discharge most patients (96.2%) had low mean PBE of 0.078 ± 0.084 × 109/l while only 3.8% had a mean PBE count of 0.400 ± 0.141 × 109/l. Those with PBE of ≥ 0.3 × 109/l on discharge are at a slightly higher risk of readmission than those with count of ≤ 0.2 × 109/l with odd ratio of 1.7 (CI=95%). 50% of those with PBE > 0.3 × 109/l and 37.5% of those with count ≤ 0.2 × 109/l were readmitted at least once during the study period. The prescription of ICS or lack of it on discharge does not have significant influence on the risk of readmission post treatment for AECOAD with OR = 0.7 (CI=95%). Only 38.7% of those discharged on ICS and 64% of those who were not given ICS on discharge were re-admitted at least once in the study period.
Conclusion: The PBE count on admission had no significant impact on the LOHS and COAD Patients with PBE ≥ 0.3 × 109/ul at discharge post treatment for AECOAD had marginal significant risk of at least one readmission in 6 months post discharge with OR of 1.7. While the use of ICS post discharge had no impact on the rate of readmission.
Introduction
COAD is a neutrophilic inflammatory disease but can transform into eosinophilic inflammation during exacerbation. This is usually reflected in increase sputum eosinophil count. Peripheral Blood Eosinophilia (PBE) has been reported to be a good marker of sputum eosinophil. And eosinophilia either in the sputum or peripheral blood has been reported to be associated with increased risk of acute infective exacerbation and increases response to inhale corticosteroid (ICS) in patients with COAD [1-3]. The aim of this study is to determine the relationship of post admission PBE counts and the outcomes in the treatment of acute infective exacerbation of COAD.
Methods
This is a prospective study of patients with COAD admitted with infective exacerbation between June to September 2016 and followed up till January 2017. The PBE of the patients were estimated on admission and on discharge. The patients were followed up for between 3-7 months post discharge and the rate of readmission was recorded. The patients were classified into eosinophilic and none-eosinophilic COAD on discharge based on the level of blood eosinophil count of above or below 0.3 × 109/l respectively. Means and student t test were used to analyze the none categorical data and odd ratio (OR) was used to determine the risk of readmission.
Results
On admission 95% of the patients were on ICS and 26.7% (16) had eosinophilic COAD (mean PBE count of 0.545 × 109/l ± 0.339 × 109/l) while 73.3% (44) had none-eosinophilic COAD (0.0454 × 109/l ± 0.0663109/l). There was no difference in the length of hospital stay (LOHS) between patients admitted with PBE count of ≥ 0.3x109/l (5.36 ± 6.26 days) and those with ≤ 0.2 × 109/l (6.26 ± 4.55 days) on admission (t=- 0.48848, p =0.314). Irrespective of their use of ICS and PBE on admission most of the patients (95.3%) received parenteral (oral or intravenous) corticosteroid as part of their treatment regimen. On discharge most patients (96.2%)had low mean PBE of 0.078 ± 0.084 × 109/l while only 3.8% had a mean PBE count of 0.400 ± 0.14 × 109/l. Those with PBE of ≥ 0.3 × 109/l on discharge are at a slightly higher risk of readmission than those with count of ≤ 0.2 × 109/l with odd ratio of 1.7. 50% of those with PBE >0.3 × 109/l on discharge and 37.5% of those with count ≤ 0.2 × 109/l were readmitted at least once during the study period. The prescription of ICS or lack of it on discharge does not have significant influence on the risk of readmission post treatment for AECOAD with OR = 0.8(CI=95%). Only 38.7% of those discharged on ICS and 64% of those who were not given ICS on discharge were re-admitted at least once in the study period. Detail is summarized in table 1.
Table 1. The relationship of blood eosinophil count and inhaled corticosteroid use to length of hospital stay and readmission rate.
PBE Count o+A20+A2:F20+A2+A2:F20 |
Proportion of patients |
|
|
≥ 0.300×109/L |
26.7% (n=11) |
|
|
≤ 0.200×109/L |
73.3% (N=45) |
|
|
Mean PBE Count on admission |
|
|
|
0.545×109/L ±0.339 |
26.7% (N=11) |
t=8.43138, p =0.00001 |
|
0.0454×109/L ±0.0663 |
73.3% (N=45) |
|
|
PBE Count on Admission |
LOHS(days) |
|
|
≥ 0.300×109/L |
5.36 ±6.26 |
t=-0.48848, p =0.3141 |
|
≤ 0.200×109/L |
6.26 ±4.57 |
|
|
Mean PBE Count on discharge |
Proportion(n) |
|
|
0.400×109/L |
3.77% (n=2) |
t=5.41391, p =00001 |
|
0.078×109/L |
96.23% (n-51) |
|
|
PBE count o discharge |
Rate of re-admission |
|
|
≥0.300×109/L |
>=50% (n=1) |
0=50% (n=1) |
OR=1.7 (CI=95%) |
≤0.200×109/L |
>=37.5% (n=21) |
0=62.5% (n=35) |
|
ICS use on discharge |
Readmission Rate (number/mths |
Ra (number/6mths) |
|
| |
≥1 |
0 |
|
Used ICS (42) |
38.10% |
61.90% |
OR=0.8 (CI=95%) |
No ICS (16) |
43.80% |
56.20% |
|
Discussion
Most of the patients (73.3%) admitted with AECOAD in this study had PBE of 0.078 × 109/l on admission while only a small percentage (26.7%) had a high count of about 0.4 × 109/l. This is probably due to the use of ICS in most of the patients prior to their admission. The level of admission or discharge PBE had no significant impact on the LOHS. And the risk of readmission with AECOAD is only mannerly higher in those with PBE ≥ 0.3 × 109/l on discharge than in those with a count of ≤ 0.2 × 109/l. This finding is like those reported in earlier studies relating PBE and other inflammatory biomakers to frequency of exacerbation in patients with stable COAD [3-6]. But the association between the PBE and readmission risk in our study is only modest contrary to the findings reported in the study by Price et al. [4] 37% of patients with PBE > 0.5 × 109/l had one or more exacerbation during the study period. Watz et al. [5] reported that increase PBE after withdrawing ICS is associated with increased frequency of exacerbation in patients with moderate-severe COAD and concluded that PBE of ≥ 300/ul (4%) not only increase the risk of exacerbation but also predict occurrence of deleterious consequences on withdrawal of ICS. Pavord et al. [7] and Vedel-Krogh et al. [3] also found that increased PBE of more than 2% and 0.3 × 109/l, respectively are associated with significant increase in rate of exacerbation. Thomsen et al. [1] reported that the OR of exacerbation in COAD patients with elevated 3 bio-inflammatory markers (leucocytes,CRP and fibrinogen) is about 3.7 this is comparable to that found in this Study (OR=3.26). This study also revealed that the use of ICS post discharge after exacerbation has no significant effect on the risk of readmission. This is different from the findings reported by Pascoe et al. [6] and Pavord et al. [7] that the use of ICS is more effective in reducing risk of exacerbation in those patients with high level of blood eosinophil. The finding in this study even though is modest and strong findings in the earlier studies demonstrate that blood eosinophil count can be used in decision making during management of COAD exacerbation. More studies are needed to validate the post treatment cutoff PBE count target.
Conclusion
COAD Patients with PBE ≥ 0.3 × 109/ul at discharge post treatment for infective exacerbation have a minimal risk of at least one readmission within 6 months post discharge but the admitting PBE had no impact on the LOHS.
References
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