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Swine endothelial progenitor cell culture

Hong-Jian Shi

HJ.S, YH.H, Q.U, TS, JK.L, Department of Radiology, JY.S, Department of Cardiology, Wujin Hospital, Jiangsu University, Changzhou, China, 213017

E-mail : shihongjian@sina.com

You-Hua Huang

HJ.S, YH.H, Q.U, TS, JK.L, Department of Radiology, JY.S, Department of Cardiology, Wujin Hospital, Jiangsu University, Changzhou, China, 213017

Qian Xu

HJ.S, YH.H, Q.U, TS, JK.L, Department of Radiology, JY.S, Department of Cardiology, Wujin Hospital, Jiangsu University, Changzhou, China, 213017

Tao Shen

HJ.S, YH.H, Q.U, TS, JK.L, Department of Radiology, JY.S, Department of Cardiology, Wujin Hospital, Jiangsu University, Changzhou, China, 213017

Jian-Ke Li

HJ.S, YH.H, Q.U, TS, JK.L, Department of Radiology, JY.S, Department of Cardiology, Wujin Hospital, Jiangsu University, Changzhou, China, 213017

Jing-Yu Sheng

HJ.S, YH.H, Q.U, TS, JK.L, Department of Radiology, JY.S, Department of Cardiology, Wujin Hospital, Jiangsu University, Changzhou, China, 213017

DOI: 10.15761/CRT.1000120

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Abstract

Objective: This study is to culture swine endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs)in vitro for future local transplantation.Materials and methods:EPCs were isolated from peripheral blood of a domestic swine. After isolated with density gradient centrifugation, EPCs were cultured with EGM-2 medium in a standard condition for 12 daysand identified by fluorescence microscopy and immunocytochemistry tests.Results: EPCs were successfully isolated,cultured and characterized. From day 1 to day 12 after culture, their morphology changed from round cells to cobble-stone or spindle cells. On day 4, EPCs showed adhesion ability to the flask wall. The EPCs were characterized with phenotype expressions and specific functions.Conclusion: It is feasible to culture swine EPC in vitro for future transplantation.

Key words

endothelial progenitor cells, endothelialization,  in vitro

Background

Endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) have the ability to repair the injury vessels and promote neovascularization of ischemia tissues, namely angiogenesis[1]. It is also well known that if rapid re-endothelialization, which provides an inherent nonthrombogenic potential and interrupts cytokine driven activation of SMCs in vascular medial tissues, is achieved, accelerated normal wound healing at diseased sites may be realized[2].

To promote rapid re-endothelialization and improve the patency of affected vessels, the authorscultured swine endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs)in vitro for future local transplantation.

Materials and methods

Isolation,culture and identification of endothelial progenitor cells

EPCs were isolated from newly drawnporcineperipheral blood by the density gradient centrifuge method [3]. 20 mL peripheral blood was extracted from a young adult healthy domestic swine (female, weight 25kg)(Jingling Farm Center for Animal Experiments, Nanjing, China), through femoral atery puncture under sterilization with heparin anticogulation (100 IU/mL, Heparin Sodium, Qianhong Inc., Jiangsu, China ).The blood was diluted at 1:1 ratio by phosphate-buffered saline (PBS). EPCs were isolated from the diluted blood by density gradient centrifugation (Biofuge, Heraeus, Germany) at 2000 rpm 24-25℃ with lymphocyte isolation mediumHisto-Paque 1077 (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO) for 30 minutes. A sedimented layer of peripheral blood mononuclear cells was collected, washed twice with PBS, two more centrifugations were performed at 1000 rpm for 10 minutes each. The precipitated cell pellet was counted by cytometer and resuspened in 2 mL ofmicrovascular growth medium-2 (EGM-2 MV; Cambrex, Walkersville, MD) in a T25 culture flask which pre-coated with fibronectin (Chemicon) and incubated at 37°C, full humidity, 5% CO2 (CO2 Incubator, Heraeus, Germany). Each 500 mL EGM-2medium contains FBS 25 mL, hydrocortisone 0.2 mL, hFGF-B 2 mL, VEGF 0.5 mL, R3-IGF-1 0.5 mL, ascorbic acid 0.5 mL, hEGF 0.5 mL, GA-1000 0.5 mL.After 4 days, the suspended cells were removed and the adhering cells were changed every 4 days with a fresh culture medium. On day 8-12, while the cells occupied the more than 75% of the microfield, the passage begun by digesting the cells with 0.25% trypsin (Trypsin, Sigma) and transferring the pellet to a larger glass culture flask (50 mL).

EPCs engulfed DiI-labeled acetylated low-density lipoprotein (DiI-Ac-LDL, Biomedical Technologies Inc., Stoughton, MA) and binding fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-labeledUlex europaeusagglutinin I (FITC-UEA-I, Vector Laboratories Inc., Burlingame, CA), were examined by inverted fluorescence microscopy. The adherent cells that stained positive with both FITC-UEA I and DiI-Ac-LDL were indicated to be differentiating endothelial cells. The EPCs phenotype was identified by immunocytochemistry including CD31, CD34, vwF, and VEGFR-2(flk-1, fetal liver kinase-1) (TBD Co.).For immunocytochemistry, first passage cells were plated on 24-well chamber slides and fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde for 30 minutes. Slides were blocked with 3% BSA in PBS-T for 1 hour and incubated overnight at 4°C in 1:100 dilution of goat polyclonal anti-vonwillbrand factor (DiaSorin), FLK-1,CD31, CD34 (SantaCruz Biotechnology). Horseradish peroxidase activity was visulized with DAB.

Statistical analysis

Continuous variables are expressed as mean ± SD. Descriptive analysis was applied by using SPSS 20.0(Windows Version, SPSS, Inc., Chicago, IL, USA)

Results

EPCswere in round or multiangular shapes in P0 stage on day 1. Putative EPCs were the cells attached to the T-25 flask wall after 24 hours culture.On 12th day, EPCs hadcobble-stone or spindle-like appearance and cluster formation. After first passage, EPCs were harvested, counted by cytometry, and identified by immunocytochemistry technique. There were (2.0±0.5) × 106cells in T25 glass flask, and (5.5±1.2)×106 cells in one 50 ml culture flask.Progenitor endothelial cell phenotypes includingCD34, VEGFR-2, and vwF were positive in majority (≥95%) of day 7-9 EPCs.

Inverted fluorescence microscopy demonstated EPCs emitting red fluorescence by endocytosed DiI-Ac-LDL and radiated green fluorescence while binding FITC-UEA-1, overlay image showed brown color.

Discussion

There are many animal and clinical investigation on promotion of endothelialization in various vascular stent models such as Bhattacharya Vet al. and Griese DPet al.[4,5]. Obviously, this technique only demonstrates an approach to promote the endothelialization but inapplicable clinically. Stem cells such as EPCs have many advantages for such purpose, because EPCs can be conveniently obtained from peripheral blood and be differentiated to endothelium in vivo.

Shirota T reported successful fabrication of endothelial progenitor cell (EPC)-seeded intravascular stent devices in vitro[6]. We adapt similar technique inour study[7]. Our in vitro results show that it is feasible to constuct an EPC implanted metal stent.

Currently, there are m2021 Copyright OAT. All rights reservation EPCs,including immune magnetic beads selection and density gradient centrifugation methods. The later one is cheaper than the previous one which depends on fluorescence -activated cell sorting (FACS) analysis. In this study we adapted the later technique.

To thepurpose of accelerating endothelialization after a stent placement in vessels, an intraluminal delivery of a sufficient number of endothelial cells (ECs) to diseased vessel sites has shown promising results[8]. However, it is not practical to us mature ECs for the cell transplantation due to the limitation ofdifficulty of harvesting ECs[8].Irrespective of whether an on-stent or catheter-infusion delivery system is used, however, difficulty of harvesting EC from patients has hampered clinical usage of these methods[9].

Asahara et al. identified that circulating EPCs in adult peripheral blood which is capable of trafficking toward ischemic sites and differentiating into mature endothelial cells[1].Recently, the existence of circulating endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) has been identified as a key factor for re-endothelialization[10].Harvesting circulating EPCs requires only peripheral blood collection. This minimally invasive harvesting procedure indicates that EPC is a candidate for a new source of cells for endothelialization.The early establishment of a functional endothelial layer after vascular injury has been shown to assist in the prevention of neointimal proliferation and thrombus formation[11,12] .

Conclusion

Porcine endothelial progenitor cells can be isolated, cultured and identified from peripherial blood.

Acknowledgement

 This project was supported by Province Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu(BK2012589).

References

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  2. Werner N, Junk S, Laufs U, Link A, Walenta K, et al. (2003) Intravenous transfusion of endothelial progenitor cells reduces neointima formation after vascular injury. Circulation Research 93: e17-e24
  3. Mai XL, Ma ZL, Sun JH, Ju SH, Ma M, et al. (2009) Assessments of proliferation capacity and viability of New Zealand rabbit peripheral blood endothelial progenitor cells labeled with superparamagnetic particles. Cell Transplant 18: 171–181.
  4. Bhattacharya V, McSweeney PA, Shi Q, Bruno B, Ishida A, et al. (2000) Enhanced endothelialization and microvessel formation in polyester grafts seeded with CD34(+) bone marrow cells. Blood 95: 581-585. [Crossref]
  5. Griese D, Ehsan A, Melo LG, Kong D, Zhang L, et al. (2003) Isolation and transplantation of autologus ciculating endothelial cells into denuded vessels and prosthetic grafts: implications for cell-based vascular therapy. Circulation 108: 2710-2715
  6. Shirota T, Yasui H, Shimokawa H, Matsuda T (2003) Fabrication of endothelial progenitor cell (EPC)-seeded intravascular stent devices and in vitro endothelialization on hybrid vascular tisssue. Biomaterials 24: 2295-2302. [Crossref]
  7. Shi HJ, Cao AH, Teng GJ (2010) Seeding endothelial progenitor cells on a self-expanding metal stent: an in vitro study.  J Vasc Interv Radiol 21: 1061-1065. [Crossref]
  8. Kipshidze N, Ferguson JJ 3rd, Keelan MH Jr, Sahota H, Komorowski R, et al. (2000) Endoluminal reconstruction of the arterial wall with endothelial cell/glue matrix reduces restenosis in an atherosclerotic rabbit.  J Am Coll Cardiol 36: 1396-1403. [Crossref]
  9. Ben-Shoshan J, George J (2007) Endothelial progenitor cells as therapeutic vectors in cardiovascular disorders: From experimental models to human trials. Pharmacol Ther 15: 25-36. [Crossref]
  10. Xu BY, Xiang MX, Wang JA (2015) Endothelial Progenitor Cells and In-stent Restenosis.  Curr Stem Cell Res Ther 10: 364-371. [Crossref]
  11. Aoki J, Serruys PW, van Beusekom H, Ong ATL, McFadden EP, et al. (2005) Endothelial progenitor cell capture by stents coated with antibody against CD34: the HEALING-FIM (Healthy Endothelial Accelerate Lining Inhibits Neointimal Growth-First In Man) Registry. J Am Coll Cardiol 45 (10): 1574-1579. [Crossref]
  12. Cassese S, Galasso G, Sciahbasi A, Scacciatella P, Muçaj A, et al. (2013) Antiplatelet theRapy after Genous EPC-capturing coroNary stenT implantatiOn The ARGENTO Study: a prospective, multicenter registry. Int J Cardiol 167: 757–761. [Crossref]

Editorial Information

Editor-in-Chief

Jalal K. Ghali
Mercer University

Article Type

Research Article

Publication history

Received date: October 28, 2015
Accepted date: November 23, 2015
Published date: November 26, 2015

Copyright

©2015 Shi HJ.This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

Citation

Shi HJ, Huang YH, Xu Q, Shen T, LiJK, et al. (2015) Swine endothelial progenitor cell culture. Clin Res Trials 1: doi: 10.15761/CRT.1000120

Corresponding author

Hong-Jian Shi

Associate Professor of Radiology, Wujin Hospital, Jiangsu University, Changzhou, 213017, China, Tel: +86 51985579213; Fax: +86 519 85325466.

E-mail : shihongjian@sina.com

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