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Abstract

The primary purpose of a post is to retain the coronal restoration in an endodontically treated tooth that has suffered an extensive loss of crown structure. The success of posts depends of the quality of the bonding between the post, resin cement and root dentin. The adhesive system is a key factor in ensuring immediate and durable sealing and long-term retention. Our study is designed to evaluate the sealing of a canal with fiber post anchor after using universal adhesive system Prime&Bond active with the two strategies, total-etch-and-rinse or self-etch comparing with an etch-and-rinse adhesive, Prime&Bond XP. The non-destructive measurement of fluid flow through endodontically treated teeth with fiber posts was followed repeatedly during a one year aging period.

The results show that the universal adhesive gives the same results regardless of its strategy of use and these results remain stable at 6 and 12 months.

Key words

fluid filtration, universal adhesive, bonding technique, fiber post, aging

Introduction

The primary purpose of a post is to retain the coronal restoration in an endodontically treated tooth that has suffered an extensive loss of crown structure. The bonding of a fiber post presents multiple clinical interests for the restoration of the endodontically treated tooth   The removal of any metal structure avoids the phenomena of corrosion and brings many advantages in terms of biocompatibility and aesthetics. The bonding of these posts leads to a better mechanical resistance thanks to the distribution of the stresses at the level of the root walls, especially since the modulus of elasticity of the adhesive system is similar to that of the tooth The success of posts depends of the quality of the bonding between the post, resin cement and root dentin. The adhesive system is a key factor in ensuring immediate and durable sealing and long-term retention. In clinical practice there is a choice to be made between three types of products and procedures: the older traditional adhesives applied following a standard total-etch-and-rinse step or the more contemporary self-etch products which avoid the phosphoric acid etching. The third class of adhesives allows using both procedures (either one) as they can be used either like the self-etch adhesives or following an etching step and are therefore termed universal. There is an advantage in having an adhesive that can operate on these two procedures since it allows the dentist to choose his procedure according to the clinical case in order to optimize the final result. When the adhesive system is used at the root level in bonding a post, we note lower adhesion values at the post’s third apical, the access and the technique being more difficult than for the third coronary [4,5].

The in vitro dentin permeability was evaluated by measuring the hydraulic conductance through the treated root canal. This measurement can be used to compare different adhesive systems [6,7]. This non-destructive technique makes it possible to carry out several measurements on the same sample of roots of different periods, which makes it possible to observe possible variations in the time [8]. In this study we evaluated a universal adhesive used according to its two strategies.

The working hypothesis is that despite the two different substrates, the end products should behave in similar manner and yield identical functional results which remain stable without any permeability difference over time.

Methods and materials

Eighteen single-rooted non-carious teeth, extracted for periodontal reasons, free of cracks and fractures and with fully developed apices were used in this study.

The coronal portions were removed to achieve uniform lengths of 15 mm using a low-speed saw (Isomet 2000; Buehler, Evanston, Ill.) equipped with a rotating diamond-impregnated copper disk (11-4244; Buehler) under constant water irrigation. The teeth were stored in 10% chloramine solution at 4°C until use.

Specimens preparation

The pulp tissue was removed with a barbed broach. The working length was established by substracting 1 mm from the observed length when the tip of a #10 file appears at the apex.

Boring was realized with ProTaper Next Ni-Ti rotary files (DentsplyMaillefer) to iso-size 40, 0.06 taper (400 rpm at maximum), on the whole working length until the enlargement was achieved. Each canal was copiously irrigated with 3 % sodium hypochlorite between each instrument use. Following the boring, the canal was irrigated with 3 mL of 14 % aqueous EDTA, blotted dry with paper cone-tips and obturated with gutta-percha cones and AH Plus cement according to the cold lateral condensation technique: a cement coated master-cone and a finger-spreader were inserted in the canal at one mm from the limit of working length; lateral compaction was realized with gutta-percha cones to seal off the canal. Lateral condensation of cold gutta-percha is considered as the most effective and simple technique [9,10].

After canal obturation, all the roots were evaluated regarding the quality of obturation by taking radiography and the external surface of the roots were covered with two layers of varnish to prevent leakage.

First measurement of hydraulic conductance after root canal obturation

The cervical part of the obturated tooth was centered on a polycarbonate disc made in the authors’ laboratory with a 1.2 mm diameter circular perforation in its center and secured with cyanoacrylate glue so as to put it at the entrance of the root canal.

The hydraulic penetration (200 cm H₂O) through the obturated tooth was evaluated by measuring the passage of physiologic saline. The liquid from the perfusion bag (Baxter B1322 bag; Viaflex) left the chamber through high-pressure connectors, made using polyethylene tubing (Dupont de Nemours, Wilmington, Del.) having a stable internal diameter of 0.2 mm. The measuring system proper, Flodec (De Marco Engineering, Geneva, Switzerland), was composed of a glass capillary tube 370 mm long and 0.75 mm in internal diameter, and an optical sensor on a mounting that could travel along the tube, automatically following the movement of the bubble and expressing it as an electrical signal. The movement of the mounting was controlled electronically by the Flodec system. The resolution threshold for the system was 0.005 mm, corresponding to a liquid flow of 2.208 nanoliters. The input of the capillary tube was connected to the pressurized chamber and the output to a specimen holder. The electric signal obtained from the Flodec system was processed by a computer (Prolinea 4/33; Compacq, Issy-les-Moulineaux, France) to show linear displacement of the bubble and flow variation over time and surface area. The linear displacement of the bubble was converted into hydraulic conductance by the formula: Lp = Jv / (A·ΔP·t) [where Lp is hydraulic conductance in μl.cm⁻².min⁻¹.cm H₂O⁻¹, Jv is fluid flow in μl, A is sample surface area in cm², ΔP is hydraulic pressure gradient in cm H₂O and t is time in minutes].

Fluid movement, or Jv, was calculated from mm of bubble movement per minute. Measurements were made at 30-second intervals for 15 minutes and the mean of the values obtained was calculated for each specimen of each series. The results were expressed as graphs or tables.

The polycarbonate specimen holder (made in the authors' laboratory) (Figure 1) was designed. There were 2 parts to the holder: an upper part connected to the measuring system and having a bleed valve to eliminate air bubbles (which would otherwise influence the conductance values), and a specimen support area. The 2 parts were bolted together and the joint was sealed by high pressure O-rings. The system was checked for leaks by inserting an impermeable specimen holder. The test specimen was placed in the holder so that the pressure was applied to the root canal.

Figure 1. Sample holder: experimental set-up

The mean value is called “reference obturation” (M1). The coronal portion of filled roots was temporarily sealed with IRM (Dentsply Caulk, Milford, USA) based on the type of adhesive they would receive.

Randomization

Specimens were then randomly divided into 3 groups of 6 by drawing lots. Each group A, B and C were used for fixing a fiber post (X-Post Endodontic Fiber Post, Dentsply) according to a different protocol:

• Group A: 6 teeth were used for fixing the posts with Prime&Bond active/ Self Cure Activator; Etch-and-Rinse and Core.X Flow
• Group B: 6 teeth were used for fixing the posts with Prime&Bond active/ Self Cure Activator; Self Etch and Core.X Flow
• Group C: 6 references were taken for fixing the posts with Prime&Bond XP/Self Cure Activator; Etch-and-Rinse; and Core.X Flow (Control Group)

Preparation of the canal empty space and fixing the obturator

After removing the temporary coronal seal, a 7mm deep post space was drilled in each root using a universal DT drill of black color with a speed of 1500 rpm. The space was shaped with a DT Finishing Drill corresponding to a Dentsply post at a speed of 1500 rpm.

For each group, the corresponding adhesive was applied on the whole surface of the canal and on the post, depending on the manufacturer's protocol (table 1 and 2). After removing the adhesive solvent by gently drying, the Core-X Flow was applied into the post space using root canal applicator tips and the post seated. A polymerization flash was done (SmartLite, Dentsply, at 1200 mW/cm² intensity).

Table 1. Composition of the used products

Products	Composition	Batch number
Prime&Bond active DENTSPLY DE TREY GmbH, Konstanz, Germany	Phosphoric acid modified acrylate resin; Multifunctional acrylate; Bifunctional acrylate; Acidic acrylate; Isopropanol; Water; Initiator; Stabilizer	17100544
Prime&Bond XP DENTSPLY DE TREY GmbH, Konstanz, Germany	Carboxylic acid modified dimethacrylate (TCB resin); Phosphoric acid modified acrylate resin (PENTA); Urethane dimethacrylate (UDMA); Triethyleneglycol dimethacrylate (TEGDMA); 2-Hydroxyethylmethacrylate (HEMA); Butylated benzenediol (stabilizer); Ethyl-4(dimethylamino)benzoate; Camphorquinone; Functionalised amorphous silica; Tertiary butanol	1710000592
Self Cure Activator DENTSPLY DE TREY GmbH, Konstanz, Germany	Mono- and di-methacrylate resins; Catalyst; Photoinitiators; Stabilizers; Acetone; Water	170614
DE TREY Conditioner 36 DENTSPLY DE TREY GmbH, Konstanz, Germany	Phosphoric acid; Highly dispersed silicon dioxide; Detergent; Pigment; Water	1710000133
Core-X Flow DENTSPLY DE TREY GmbH, Konstanz, Germany	Urethane Dimethacrylate; Di- & Tri-functional Methacrylates; Barium Boron Fluoroaluminosilicate Glass; Camphorquinone (CQ) Photoinitiator; Photoaccelerators; Silicon Dioxide; Benzoyl Peroxide;	1710000850

Table 2. Instructions for use of the adhesive systems tested

Adhesive systems	Protocols
Group A Prime&Bond active Universal adhesive used in etch-and-rinse mode	- Apply phosphoric acid (DeTrey Conditioner 36) according to manufacturer’s instructions for 15 s to intraradicular dentin and then rinse for 15 s with 0.9% NaCl solution; - remove rinsing solution with paper points; - do not desiccate dentin; - mix adhesive and Self Cure Activator (ratio 1/1) for 2 s; - proceed immediately to application of adhesive/activator; - keep adhesive/activator slightly agitated for 20 s; - disperse adhesive/activator and remove solvent with a moderate clean, dry air flow for at least 5 s.
Group B Prime&Bond active Universal adhesive used in self-etch mode	- Mix adhesive and Self Cure Activator (ratio 1/1) for 2 s; - proceed immediately to application of adhesive/activator; - keep adhesive/activator slightly agitated for 20 s; - disperse adhesive/activator and remove solvent with a moderate clean, dry air flow for at least 5 s.
Group C Prime&Bond XP Etch-and-rinse adhesive (control)	- Apply phosphoric acid (DeTrey Conditioner 36) according to manufacturer’s instructions for 15 s to intraradicular dentin and then rinse for 15 s with 0.9% NaCl solution; - remove rinsing solution with paper points; - do not desiccate dentin; - mix adhesive and Self Cure Activator (ratio 1/1) for 2 s; - proceed immediately to application of adhesive/activator; - maintain contact of adhesive/activator with tooth structure for at least 20 s; - remove solvent with a moderate clean, dry air flow for at least 5 s.

Measurement of hydraulic conductance through dentin adhesives in endodontically treated teeth

For each sample, the post was sectioned so as the cervical part of the root can be glued on the perforated disk and the sample is left at room temperature for 24 hours. The measurements were done as previously indicated and the average of each group was calculated (M2).

Aging

The samples with the bonded fiber post were kept in a humid atmosphere for 12 months. Hydraulic conductance measurements were done after 6 months (M3) and then 12 months (M4).

Statistical analysis

The statistical analysis comprised an analysis of the mean and standard deviation for each test group, an analysis of variance, a posteriori test (Duncan’s new multiple range). A significant level of 0.05 was used for all tests.

Results

It is noted that the seal increases after bonding of the posts compared to the initial sealing regardless of the adhesive system used in the study. The Prime & Bond active self-etch (Group B) provided a better seal than the etch-and-rinse strategy (Group A) at 24 hours but also at 6 months and 12 months. The sealing obtained for Group A was more efficient than for Prime & Bond XP (Group C) at 24 hours and 6 months but equal to 12 months (with the method used, the lower values ​​are better) (Table 3).

Table 3. Means and standard deviations (SD) of test specimen hydraulic conductance (µl.cm².min^-1.cm H₂O^-1) following root canal obturation and endodontic post cementation at times 24 hrs, 6 months and 12 months

Root canal obturations with the use of gutta-percha cones and AH Plus cement	M1 (Reference Obturation) ± SD 902 ± 112
Experimental groups	M2 (T 24 hrs) ± SD	M3 (T 6 months) ± SD	M4 (T 12 months) ± SD
Group A: X-Post/Core-X flow/Prime&Bond active Etch-and-Rinse and Self Cure Activator	732 ± 56	756 ± 32	786 ± 27
Group B: X-Post/ Core-X flow /Prime&Bond active Self-Etch and Self Cure Activator	670 ± 74	687 ± 61	704 ± 64
Group C: X-Post/ Core-X flow / Prime&Bond XP Etch-and-Rinse and Self Cure Activator	809 ± 68	809 ± 49	783 ± 62

The values ​​obtained between the reference root canal filling and the reconstructions with posts using the three different adhesive methods were always statistically different (Table 4).

Table 4. ANOVA table of variation of fluid filtration of reference fillings compared to all the fillings with posts. Duncan’s test indicates two groups (p < 0.05)

Source	Degree of freedom	Sum of squares	F	P value	Duncan’s test
Root canal preparation (reference vs posts)	1	244172	24.563	0.000020	0.00137
Specimens	34	9941

At 24 hours, when the Prime & Bond adhesive was used according to the etch-and-rinse or self-etch strategy, the difference was not significant (p = 0.187), just as there was no difference between the results of the Prime & Bond active etch-and-rinse and those of the Prime & Bond XP (p = 0.112). On the other hand, the Prime & Bond active self-etch was significantly different from the Prime & Bond XP (p = 0.005).

For each system, measurements during aging were not statistically different for both the Prime & Bond active strategies and the Prime & Bond XP at 24 hours, 6 months or 12 months (p> 0.05). But if we compared the Prime & Bond active self-etch to Prime & Bond XP, the difference remained significant at 6 months (p <0.05) whereas after 12 months of aging, there wasn’t any difference any more (p> 0.05) (Table 5).

Table 5. ANOVA table of variation of fluid filtration as repeated measurement at 24 hours and 12 months

Source	Degree of freedom	Sum of squares	F	P value
Bonding agent	2	74397	15.640	0.000214
Specimens	15	35677
Time	1	3919	0.804	0.384046
Time * bonding agent	2	10243	1.051	0.374013
Time * specimens	15	73104

Discussion

The quality of the root canal filling is essential in the evaluation of the sealing; after bonding the post in the root canal, only the last 4 mm apical of the canal filling is able to ensure apical sealing of the canal, the rest to be ensured by our reconstitution [11]. We have chosen the most commonly used and most universally accepted lateral condensation method, as well as the molded single cone technique adapted to the morphology of the canal [12]. A study on the fluid filtration during different endodontic filling techniques shows better results with these techniques than with vertical condensation [13].

The canal obturation was performed with gutta percha associated with a resin-based root canal cement which has a better sealing efficacy and a greater thermal stability and resorption than the cements based on zinc oxide eugenol [1]. The cement used in our study is the AH Plus Jet; it has already been tested for permeability by the fluid filtration method in the endodontically sealed teeth and the authors conclude that it is more resistant to leakage compared to other endodontic cements tested [14].

In the adhesion protocol of the bonding composite resin to the root dentinal substrate, a chemical co-initiator was used to improve the rate of polymerization of the composite resin in the channel [2]. One of the difficulties of bonding the resin within the channel is the transmission of the activating light of the polymerization into the deepest parts of the channel. When the transmission of the light source is poor, it results in an insufficient degree of conversion of the monomers of the composite adhesive resin [15]. In our study, we used posts known for their high degree of translucency and clear, translucent colors of the composite resin for bonding. Goracci, et al. [2] have moreover demonstrated that the translucency of the luting agent is a more significant factor than the translucency of the post in the efficiency of intraradicular bonding [15].

The first observation on the results of our experiment comes from the difference noticed between the average of the initial values ​​of the permeability of the endodontic obturations of the root and the values ​​obtained after bonding of the post. This is explained by the fact that gutta percha does not have a chemical adhesion, unlike the adhesive system [10].

In groups A and B in which the adhesive used is Prime and Bond Active, there is no statistically significant difference between the self-etch and etch-and-rinse strategies. These results are in agreement with those of Bitter [16]. Bakaus [17] give an advantage to the self-etch strategy in intra-radicular bonding efficiency, their approach is based on push-out bond strength testing and SEM observation. The equal performance of the two universal adhesive application strategies has already been demonstrated in the coronary dentin [18]. The present investigation highlights the important presence of isopropanol in the universal adhesive tested. The role of this solvent is to keep the monomers and the other contents in solution and helps infiltrate and form hydrophobic, water insoluble complex in the hybrid layer [19]. The solvent content seems to be primordial in attaining the adhesive goals.

​​When analyzing the variation of the sealing values during aging, the universal adhesive shows no significant differences at 6 and 12 months from its initial values whether it is used in self-etch or etch-and- rinse mode [20].

Likewise, Prime and Bond XP, an adhesive pre-etch system chosen as a control, does not show significant differences at 6 and 12 months compared to its initial values.

We validate our initial hypothesis because the universal adhesive gives the same results regardless of its strategy of use and these results remain stable at 12 months.

Acknowledgments

The authors thank the manufacturer for the kind support of the materials used in the study. The authors thank Dr H. Ferroudji for experimental help.

Declaration of interest

The authors report no conflict of interest. The authors alone are responsible for the content and writing of the paper.

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