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Abstract

A Prospective study to examine general trends of malpractice of antibiotics prescription in Gastroenteritis pediatrics patients in Southern Punjab (Multan) from Children Complex Hospital and Nishtar Hospital Multan survey. 500 children ≥15 years with inpatients were selected for non-probability purposive sampling, classified on the basis of diagnostic category: 1) Diarrhoea occur in all paeds patients, 2) 459 patients with complaints of vomiting, 3) 324 patients with complaints of abdominal cramps, 4) 421 with complaints of bloating and 5) fever occur in all paeds patients. Chi-square analysis and one-way ANOVA of antibiotics were performed by using SPSS software. Antibiotics prescription trends in: 1) 456 proportion of inpatients received antidiarrheal, 2) 387 proportion of inpatients received antiemetic, 3) 479 proportion of inpatients received antispasmodic,4) 289 proportion of inpatients received TPN and 5) all proportion of inpatients received antipyretics. All prescribed antibiotics (amoxicillin, clavulanic acid, cephradine, cefixime, ceftriaxone, clarithromycin, azithromycin) were statistically significant (p value >0.05). The chi-square value in all these antibiotics were in range from 8.674 to 5.457. During prospective study period, inpatients antibiotics were prescribed for diarrhoea, emesis, fever, abdominal cramps and bloating. 24% paeds patients received Augmentin, 9% paeds patients prescribed azithromycin, 14% received Cefixime, 19% received clarithromycin and 29% paeds patients received ceftriaxone.

key words

antibiotics, prospective study, chi-square analysis, anova, southern punjab region

Introduction

In present world, gastroenteritis (GE) is not a dangerous challenge to the developed countries with growing population of world. But in Pakistan from 1991-2011, the outburst of population is seen in 21^st century, GE is becoming a challenge to be coped as its cases are increased a lot from 15% to 21% [1]. Gastroenteritis is actually the inflammation of stomach and intestines which includes infectious and noninfectious causes, presenting a sudden onset of diarrhea associated with or without vomiting [2]. Although GE is a self-limiting disease in the children but its course of illness is dramatically different in many children due to variety of factors such as side effects of medication, aperient use, chronic diseases that have diarrhea or vomiting as a symptom, fecal incontinence and food intolerance, unsanitary conditions of food and water in the community and epidemic of GE in that specific community area [3-5]. In different primary and secondary care hospitals, the control of infections is challenging due to improper health care facilities and unavailability of staff and medications [6,7]. In 2006-2007, huge outbreaks of GE were reported in all the zones of Pakistan exceeding 150% than the previous years due to poor hygienic conditions and unavailability of quality medicines [8]. The consequences of foodborne disease in these facilities were followed by other severe outbreaks of foodborne diseases in different zones of Pakistan. The burden of gastroenteritis is of significant importance both from the community perspective and in terms of use of healthcare resources [9].

In Pakistan current management and therapeutic guidelines for the management of acute GE is not properly working resulting in ineffective cure rates and increased cases of hospital admissions due to recurrent GE attacks or episodes requiring further research in this field to evaluate the causing factors as well as cost effective treatment according to the guidelines which will work properly in the scenario of Pakistan [10]. Guidelines must be the bridge between evidence-based knowledge and clinical practice and aim to reduce inappropriate variation in practice, improve the quality of care, increasing the efficiency in use of health care resources, as well as recommend novel treatments of proven efficacy[11]. The treatment regimens and guidelines for acute GE are continually changing and latest developed countries guidelines such as of National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence [NICE] must be adopted which were published in 2009 to inform both clinicians and the public [12,13]. The clinical guideline for pediatric GE was also developed by a team of 13 healthcare workers and 2 lady members in Nishtar hospital Multan, Pakistan. Health economics was considered when recommending treatments so as to ensure a cost-effective use of resources by the team of health care workers still needing a lot to do in the perspective of managing the problem of acute GE in primary and secondary as well as tertiary care hospitals. The primary care hospitals are only dealing with the minor symptoms of GE and they provide initial basic line treatment. The secondary and tertiary health care units are responsible for providing detailed treatment of gastroenteritis including supportive treatment.

The present study was aimed at prospective study from Children Complex Hospital and Nishtar Hospital Multan survey to examine the general trends of malpractice of antibiotics prescription in Gastroenteritis pediatrics patients. Children of gastro-enteritis having ranges from 0 to 15 years are included in study while children suffering from other disease are not included in the study. During prospective study period, inpatients antibiotics were prescribed for diarrhoea, emesis, fever, abdominal cramps and bloating. 24% paeds patients received Augmentin, 9% paeds patients prescribed azithromycin, 14% received Cefixime, 19% received clarithromycin and 29% paeds patients received ceftriaxone. Study period consists of six months including sampling and collection of data.

Methods

Data sources

500 patients of Gestro-enteritis > 15 are included in the study 300 from children hospital and 200 from Nishtar Hospital Multan. Children suffering from other diseases along with Gestro-enteritis are not included in the study. Performa was developed for the collection of required information from Children as well as from the Patients. Bio data of Children Hospital, admission history and any history of surgical procedures were performed, history of tooth brushing and various other tests perform during stay in the hospitals.

Classification of patients’ visit

According to their ages, the patients were categorized into six groups: 1) Group 1 was ranged from 0 to 6 months, 2) Group 2 was ranged from 6 to 12 months, 3) Group 3 having ages ranged from 1 to 3 years, 4) Group 4 was ranged from 3 to 6 years, 5) group 5 ranged from 6 to 12 years and 6) Group 6 was < 12 years but > 15 years.

Antibiotics prescribed for gastro-entitis

Augmentin, Cepharadine, Cefixime, Ceftriaxone, Clarithromycin and Azithromycin.

Hospital indicators

Hospital indicators for prescribing patterns include various laboratory tests, previous history of patient regarding medicines, current complaints, patient physical condition, etc. Prescribing indicator, hospital indicator, patient care and supplemental indicators and prescribing pattern are closely related to each other. Mostly indicators are the various laboratory tests performed in hospital especially cultural sensitivity test for antibiotics. Other includes the previous medication history, patient lifestyle, duration of illness, patient complaints and present physical condition and appearance.

Analysis by questionnaire

Following provisions of informed consent, participants were administered a structured questionnaire that is designed to collect information on socio-demographic characteristics; Patient name, age and sex, Socio-economic status, History of Blood transfusion, History of admission to hospital (previous), Surgical procedure history, Family history of GE, History of drinking vehicles, History of dental surgery, Sharing of tooth brush, History of any complaints (Diarrhoea, Vomiting, Fever and Abdominal Cramps).

All surveys were questioner controlled utilizing PCs with Questionnaire Design System (QDS) Version 2.6.1 programming (Nova Research Company, Bethesda, MD, USA). Meetings kept going a middle of roughly 35 min (go: 17– 90 min).

Measures

Antibiotics prescription trends in: 1) 456 proportion of inpatients received antidiarrheal, 2) 387 proportion of inpatients received antiemetic, 3) 479 proportion of inpatients received antispasmodic,4) 289 proportion of inpatients received TPN and 5) all proportion of inpatients received antipyretics.

Statistical Analysis

The obtained data was analyzed by different statistical procedures. SPSS [14,15] was used to obtained the chi-square value and p value. Descriptive statistics and one-way ANOVA was used to obtained the data statistically significant at p vale (>0.05) [16].

Results

Patient data analysis

500 cases of children having gastroenteritis were selected for the study. 300 patients were selected from children hospital Multan and 200 patients from Nishtar hospital Multan, Pakistan.

Symptoms of gastroenteritis in paeds

Gastroenteritis paeds patients present various symptoms like diarrhoea, vomiting, bloating, abdominal discomfort and fever. In case of improper treatment, a complication i.e. irritable bowel syndrome occurs in paeds that is characterized by irregular bowel habits and abdominal discomforts. Among 500 patients as in figure 1, diarrhoea and fever occur in all paeds patients while 459 patients present the complaints of vomiting, 324 patients showed abdominal cramps and bloating occur in 421 paeds patients.

Figure 1. Symptoms of gastroenteritis occur in paeds patients.

Antibiotics prescribed for gastro-entitis

Augmentin was prescribed to the 134 paeds patients, 23 children received Cephradine while 89 patients received Cefixime, 139 patients prescribed ceftriaxone, 101 patients were prescribed to clarithromycin and 16 paeds received azithromycin. The frequency of prescription of Ceftriaxone was more as compared to other prescribed antibiotics and azithromycin was prescribed to the less number of paeds patients. In figure 2, 24% paeds patients received Augmentin, 9% paeds patients prescribed azithromycin, 14% received Cefixime, 19% received clarithromycin and 29% paeds patients received ceftriaxone. Maximum paeds patients received antibiotics from cephalosporins group such as ceftriaxone due to good spectra against many microorganisms. The high acceptability of cephalosporins is due to less side effects. Azithromycin was prescribed to less paeds patients; this is due to more side effects on paeds patients.

Figure 2. Percentages of patients receiving different antibiotics 1. Amoxicillin and clavulanic acid, 2. Cephradine, 3. Cefixime, 4. Ceftriaxone, 5. Clarithromycin and 6. Azithromycin.

Medicines prescribed for gastro-entitis

Antibiotics were administered to 500 paeds patients, 456 patients received antidiarrheal, 387 patients received antiemetic, 479 patients received antispasmodic, TPN was administered as supportive therapy to 289 patients and antipyretics were administered to all paeds patients that was selected for the prospective study. The most frequently used antipyretic was paracetamol and ibuprofen because these both effectively reduce the pyrexia in paeds patients. Dimenhydrinate was prescribed to control emesis and Buscopan brand was used to control abdominal cramps.

Statistical analysis

Analysis for symptoms of GE

Chi-square analysis of symptoms of GE was performed by using SPSS software. The chi-square values of diarrhoea, vomiting, abdominal cramps, bloating and fever were 9.876, 7.180, 8.346, 9.569 and 9.876 respectively that are statistical significant at p value >0.05. The descriptive statistics were performed on the symptoms of GE paeds patients as shown in table 1.

Table 1. Descriptive analysis of symptoms of GE in paeds patients.

S. No.	Parameters	Results
		Diarrhoea	Vomiting	Abdominal cramps	Fever
1	Mean	0.575	0.786	0.456	0.432
2	Standard deviation	0.0913	0.0974	0.675	0.543
3	Median	0.5	0.6	0.4	0.4
4	Mode	0.5	0.6	0.4	0.4
5	Skewness	2.749	2.965	2.543	2.324
6	Range	2.6	3.4	1.9	1.8
7	Minimum	0.3	2.1	0.2	0.2
8	Maximum	2.3	4.0	1.0	0.9

Analysis for antibiotics

Chi-square analysis of antibiotics was performed by using SPSS software. The chi-square value of Augmentin, Cephradine, Cefixime, Ceftriaxone, Clarithromycin and Azithromycin were 7.456, 6.456, 8.674, 8.452, 5.457 and 6.435 respectively. All are statistically significant (p-value >0.05) except Azithromycin (p-value <0.05). The descriptive statistics were performed on the use of antibiotics in GE paeds patients as shown in table 2.

Table 2. Descriptive analysis of antibiotics used for the treatment of GE.

S. No.	Parameters	Results
		Penicillin’s	Cephalosporins	Macrolides	Others
1	Mean	0.565	0.746	0.446	0.422
2	Standard deviation	0.0933	0.0904	0.685	0.503
3	Median	0.5	0.5	0.5	0.4
4	Mode	0.5	0.6	0.4	0.5
5	Skewness	2.709	2.945	2.533	2.304
6	Range	2.5	3.8	1.7	1.7
7	Minimum	0.2	2.2	0.1	0.3
8	Maximum	2.1	4.2	1.3	0.8

Analysis of prescribed medicines other than antibiotics

Chi-square analysis of anti-emetics, anti-motility and anti-protozole was performed by using SPSS software. The chi-square values of bismuth sub-salicylate, Loperamide, Dimenhydrinate, Metoclopramide, Domperidone, Metronidazole, Tinidazole and Diloxanide furoate were 9.076, 7.480, 8.246, 9.769, 9.576, 8.352, 5.257 and 6.235 respectively. All are statistically significant at p-value >0.05.

Discussion

One-way ANOVA was applied on the data obtained from two hospitals (Children complex hospital and Nishter hospital), Multan, Punjab, Pakistan in order to confirm the significance of data. In ANOVA, the P-value was less than 0.05 which indicate the significance of data.

500 cases of children having gastroenteritis were selected for the study. 300 patients were selected from children hospital Multan and 200 patients from Nishtar hospital Multan, Pakistan. According to their ages the patients that are participated in the study were categorized into six groups. The age of group 1 was ranged from 0 to 6 months, group 2 was ranged from 6 to 12 months, group 3 having ages ranged from 1 to 3 years, group 4 was ranged from 3 to 6 years, patients of group 5 ranged from 6 to 12 years and age of patients of group 6 was greater than 12 years but less than 15. Multan and its surrounding areas are more contaminated due to less focus on hygienic conditions, due to this poor hygienic conditions many diseases are spreading day by day. Paeds having age in between 0 to 6 months are more suffered to disease as compared to the other age groups, this is because of less development of immune system. Gastroenteritis paeds patients presents various symptoms such as diarrhea, vomiting, bloating, abdominal discomfort and fever. In case of improper treatment, a complication i.e. irritable bowel syndrome occurs in paeds. The irritable bowel syndrome is characterized by irregular bowel habits and abdominal discomforts as reported previsoluy [17-19]. Antibiotics were administered to 500 paeds patients, 456 patients received antidiarrheal, antiemetic was given to 387 patients, 479 patients received antispasmodic, TPN was administered to 289 patients and for the control of fever antipyretics was administered to all paeds patients that was selected for the study. Similar findings already previously published [20,21].

Augmentin was prescribed to the 134 paeds patients. From cephalosporin group 23 children received Cephradine while 89 patients received Cefixime and 139 patients prescribed ceftriaxone. 101 patients were prescribed to the macrolide group clarithromycin and 16 paeds received azithromycin. 24% paeds patients received Augmentin, 9% paeds patients prescribed azithromycin, 14% received Cefixime, Clarithromycin was prescribed to the 19% paeds and 29% paeds patients received ceftriaxone. These findings are supported by reported previously[22,23]. Maximum paeds patients received antibiotics from cephalosporins group such as ceftriaxone due to good spectra against many microorganisms. It was observed from the prescription and diagnostic test the antibiotics was prescribed by two ways. 198 children from children hospital and 39 from Nishtar hospital Multan received antibiotics after performing culture sensitivity test but remaining children received antibiotics without performing culture sensitivity test. 40% paeds patients from children hospital received antibiotics after culture sensitivity test and 10% from Nishtar hospital Multan. 20% from Children hospital and 30% from Nishtar hospital Multan received antibiotics without performing culture sensitivity test. The supportive therapy was also provided the paeds GE patients in order to prevent from dehydration. During GE diarrhea and vomiting are frequently occurring, this cause dehydration. Total parenteral nutrition (TPN) and oral rehydration salt (ORS) are most commonly used in paeds patients. 123 paeds patients received TPN while 323 patients received ORS for the prevention of dehydration. All these findings supported by reported previously [24,25].

Conclusion

During prospective study period, inpatients antibiotics were prescribed for diarrhoea, emesis, fever, abdominal cramps and bloating. 24% paeds patients received Augmentin, 9% paeds patients prescribed azithromycin, 14% received Cefixime, 19% received clarithromycin and 29% paeds patients received ceftriaxone.

Acknowledgement

The all authors hereby have acknowledged to staff members of Nishter Hospital and Childern Complex Hospital, Multan.

Compliance with ethcal statements

Informed consent

Authors declared, the permission has taken from hospitals for this survey.

Contribution of co-authors

Syed Nisar Hussain Shah: Research supervisor

Muhammad Yousaf: Doing research study

Hina Javed: Assist in research work

Imran Qureshi: Help in data collection

Naveed Nisar: Help in data collection

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