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Polymer nano materials as drug delivery system for renal disease: A short commentary

Ateeq Rahman

Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Namibia, Mandumedumefayo, post bag-13301, Windhoek, Namibia

E-mail : bhuvaneswari.bibleraaj@uhsm.nhs.uk

Daniel Shipwiisho Likius

Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Namibia, Mandumedumefayo, post bag-13301, Windhoek, Namibia

V. Uahengo

Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Namibia, Mandumedumefayo, post bag-13301, Windhoek, Namibia

DOI: 10.15761/NRD.1000127

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Abstract

Particularly in the field of smart drug delivery, polymer played a significant role because it can deliver therapeutic agents directly into the intended site of action, with superior efficacy. The perfect requirements for designing nano-particulate delivery system are to effectively be controlled particle size, surface character; enhance permeation, flexibility, solubility and release of therapeutically active agents in order to attain the target and specific activity at a predetermined rate and time. The smart drug delivery systems have been successfully made by the advances in polymer science in the bio-nanotechnology field. Recently, these advances have been found in various medical applications for nano-scale structures in smart drug delivery. The smart drug delivery systems should possess some important feature such as pre-scheduled rate, self controlled, targeted, predetermined time and monitor the delivery. This article comments on the important efficacy of polymer nanoparticles for drug delivery which is has enormous benefits to medical science and polymer industry.

Key words

Polymer nano particles, drug delivery, applications

Drug targeting

In the field of smart delivery of drug into human system polymer nano particles have been playing significant role in medical field. In order to treat the effected area. Drug-targeting aims at reducing the obstacles caused by extra-target effects, the narrow therapeutic index and the inactivation of the drug before reaching its target. Unfortunately, most of the pharmaceutics used nowadays lack a selective delivery into their target tissues. The selective delivery or selective activation in the targeted tissue minimizes toxic side effects [1]. The improvement of the pharmacokinetic profile should be accomplished by drug targeting strategies [2,3]. However, diverse drug-targeting concepts have been pinpointed in order to fulfill those principles [4,5].

A variety of drug delivery systems carriers such as viral vectors [6], colloidal particles or macromolecular carriers (such as liposomes [7], nanoparticles [8], microspheres [9], lipid particles and polymeric micelles [10-12], modified-plasma proteins, polysaccharides [13], biodegradable carriers [14], dendrimers [15], antibodies [16], and peptide carriers have been developed [17].

A huge diversity of drug delivery systems has been developed to boost the therapeutic effect in the target tissue. The exclusive transfer of a drug to the targeted site of action that has been accomplished with minimal toxic side effects, and the usage of a pharmacologically inactive vector are main features of an ideal carrier for drug-targeting delivery system [18]. A specifically targeting drug delivery system can serve not only as a therapeutic vehicle but also as a research tool. Generally, the drug-targeting approach depends on the drug to be delivered, the target tissue, and of course the proper delivery system [17].

Carriers might be classified into three major types; the particle-type, the soluble and the cellular carriers. Liposomes, nanoparticles, microspheres, lipid particles, and polymeric micelles are all included in the particle-type carriers. Whereas peptides, modified-plasma proteins, polysaccharides, and biodegradable carriers are classified under soluble carriers. However, viral vectors belong to the cellular carriers. Despite the advantages provided by the cellular carriers depending upon their natural biocompatibility and their possibility to cause an immunological response is still a obstacle [18].

In recent decades, polymers are widely used as biomaterials due to their favorable properties such as good biocompatibility, easy design and preparation, a variety of structures and interesting bio-mimetic character. Particularly in the field of smart drug delivery, polymer played a significant role since it can deliver therapeutic agents directly into the intended site of action, with superior efficacy. The ideal requirements for designing nano-particulate delivery system are to effectively be controlled particle size, surface character; enhance permeation, flexibility, solubility and release of therapeutically active agents in order to attain the target and specific activity at a predetermined rate and time [18]. The smart drug delivery systems have been profitably made by the advances in polymer science in the bio-nanotechnology field. Recently, these advances have been found in various medical applications for nano-scale structures in smart drug delivery.

Polymers can be classified according to their natural or synthetic origin, stability (whether biodegradable or not), backbone, and upon their chemical nature (vinyl and acrylic polymers, polyethylene glycol (PEG), polysaccharides, polyamino acids, etc.) [19]. The natural polymer carriers comprises several polysaccharides (dextrans, inulin, or chitosan), proteins (albumin) or glycoproteins (transferrin), as well as cationic polymeric carriers such as PLL (poly-l-lysine) backbones [20-25].

Figure 1. Requirements of several factors for simultaneous consideration to design a polymeric nanoparticle for the smart drug delivery system [5].

Figure 2. Schematic diagrams represent the rate controlled drug delivery systems of topical pplications.

Table 1. Examples of various nanoparticles with different functionalization and therapeutic uses based on the targetPolymer Nanoparticles for Smart Drug Delivery [5].

Nanoparticles

Functionalization

Drug

Use

Reference

Human serum

albumin Amino/acid group

Doxorubicin

Antineoplastic

260

Trimyristin

Sterically stabilized

Paclitaxel

Ovarian, lung, breastcancer

 

261

PLLA-b-PEG              

Folate targeted

Doxorubicin

Solid tumors

262

PEG-PE

Lipid conjugated

Paclitaxel

Various cancers

263

PEG

Lipid conjugated

Tamoxifen

Lung carcinoma

264

Polymer-lipid hybrid

Lipid conjugated

Doxorubicin

Solid cancer

265

PCL-b-trimethylene carbonate-PEG

 

Serum protein

Ellipticin

Anticancer

266

PAMAM

dendrimers

Folic acid ethotrexate

Epithelial cancer

267

PEG

Albumin bound

Doxorubicin

Various cancers

268

Micelles

Biotin-antibodyconjugated

Daunomycin

Brain tumor

269

Poly(DEAP-Lys)-b-PEG -b-PLLA)

 

Poly(lysine

Doxorubicin

pH sensitive tumor

271

PLGA-b-PEG-COOH

PSMA

Anti cancer

Prostate  Cancer

272

PEG or PE particles

Transferrin

Oligonucleotide

Brain- gene

273

PLLA-PEG

Biotin

Anti cancer

Cancer therapy

274

Polystyrol

Sc-TNF

Anti cancer

Cancer therapy

275

PLA

Aptamer

Anti cancer

Prostate cancer

276

PE

RGD peptides

siRNA

Vasculature cancer

277

mPEG/PLGA

Peptidomimetics

Anti cancer

Brain cells cancer

278

PLA

Galactose

Retinoic acid

Hepatocytes

279

PLGA

MP lipid A

Anti cancer

Dentritic cells

280

Nanoparticles and microspheres can be assign either to the soluble or to the particle type carriers. The major backbone of these carriers is based on range of polymers such as dextran, ficoll, sepharose, or PLL. Nowadays, poly(D,L-lactic-co-glycolic-acid) (PLGA) microspheres have been expansively studied to gain a wide acceptance for application as nanoparticles and microspheres following to their approval for use in humans by the American Food and Drug Administration (FDA) [26]. Parenteral application of microspheres and nanoparticles for the cell selective delivery of drugs is not the only administration route since they have been studied more recently for their application in oral and pulmonary delivery of peptides and peptidomimetics [20].

Antibodies are aimed at targeting tumor-associated antigens with the aim of over-expressed by tumor cells. Therefore, the birth of innovative techniques such as recombinant DNA and protein engineering has led to the development of optimal tailored-antibodies [22]. The stretch of amino acids or peptides, contained by a biomolecule which is responsible for specific receptor binding, is called the homing-ligand. Their covalent attachment to a carrier backbone can result in targeted DDS [23]. Polymeric micelles are small (10-100nm) in size and they have a core-shell structure. In contrast to their hydrophobic core, the shell represents their hydrophilic part. Micelles provide a penetration property within the tissue for targeted DDS. Usually, their efficacy is still demanding since they disintegrate rapidly in vivo [23-26]. Usually, the application of peptide carriers requires an over-expressed receptor and adequatein vivo stability. Additionally, the conjugated drug should not hamper with the binding region of the peptide. Peptides were developed in different ways, for example for targeted transport using carrier peptides for tumor and tissue targeting [25-26].

Conclusions

Kidney diseases require, usually, long-term administration of therapeutics; therefore, they are always accompanied with systemic toxicities and adverse side effects. The uses of bio-nanotechnology in therapeutics a number of unexpected inventions have been done recently on polymer based nano meters, which have great attention in the field of smart drug delivery applications. Several attempts have been performed aiming to target the kidneys, and the majority of kidney-specific delivery systems targets the proximal tubular cells and may contribute to the treatment of renal diseases. Additionally, the overall charge of the carrier seems to play a key role in kidney-specific drug delivery. The biomaterials including protein based nano polymers, polysaccharide based polymers, natural or synthetic or semi-synthetic nano polymers, various biomaterials and combination of polymer have utilized to prepare various kinds of nano-formulations towards the smart drug delivery applications. Such strategies involve LMWPs, PVP, PVD, LMWC, G3-C12 peptide,ε PLL derivatives and the carrier peptide (KKEEE)3K. The specific uptake by renal proximal tubular cells is confirmed in many cases to bemegalin-mediated endocytosis. Several nanoparticle based drug delivery systems have been approved in clinical trials, some of them in under pre-clinical trial levels.

Acknowledgement

The authors acknowledge management of University of Namibia for encouragement in research.

References

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Article Type

Short Commentary

Publication history

Received date: August 21, 2017
Accepted date: September 25, 2017
Published date: September 28, 2017

Copyright

© 2017 Ateeq Rahman. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

Citation

Ateeq Rahman (2017) Polymer nano materials as drug delivery system for renal disease: A short commentary. Nephrol Renal Dis 1: DOI: 10.15761/NRD.1000127

Corresponding author

Ateeq Rahman

Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Namibia, Mandumedumefayo, post bag-13301, Windhoek, Namibia

E-mail : bhuvaneswari.bibleraaj@uhsm.nhs.uk

Figure 1. Requirements of several factors for simultaneous consideration to design a polymeric nanoparticle for the smart drug delivery system [5].

Figure 2. Schematic diagrams represent the rate controlled drug delivery systems of topical applications.

Table 1. Examples of various nanoparticles with different functionalization and therapeutic uses based on the targetPolymer Nanoparticles for Smart Drug Delivery [5].

Nanoparticles

Functionalization

Drug

Use

Reference

Human serum

albumin Amino/acid group

Doxorubicin

Antineoplastic

260

Trimyristin

Sterically stabilized

Paclitaxel

Ovarian, lung, breastcancer

 

261

PLLA-b-PEG              

Folate targeted

Doxorubicin

Solid tumors

262

PEG-PE

Lipid conjugated

Paclitaxel

Various cancers

263

PEG

Lipid conjugated

Tamoxifen

Lung carcinoma

264

Polymer-lipid hybrid

Lipid conjugated

Doxorubicin

Solid cancer

265

PCL-b-trimethylene carbonate-PEG

 

Serum protein

Ellipticin

Anticancer

266

PAMAM

dendrimers

Folic acid ethotrexate

Epithelial cancer

267

PEG

Albumin bound

Doxorubicin

Various cancers

268

Micelles

Biotin-antibodyconjugated

Daunomycin

Brain tumor

269

Poly(DEAP-Lys)-b-PEG -b-PLLA)

 

Poly(lysine

Doxorubicin

pH sensitive tumor

271

PLGA-b-PEG-COOH

PSMA

Anti cancer

Prostate  Cancer

272

PEG or PE particles

Transferrin

Oligonucleotide

Brain- gene

273

PLLA-PEG

Biotin

Anti cancer

Cancer therapy

274

Polystyrol

Sc-TNF

Anti cancer

Cancer therapy

275

PLA

Aptamer

Anti cancer

Prostate cancer

276

PE

RGD peptides

siRNA

Vasculature cancer

277

mPEG/PLGA

Peptidomimetics

Anti cancer

Brain cells cancer

278

PLA

Galactose

Retinoic acid

Hepatocytes

279

PLGA

MP lipid A

Anti cancer

Dentritic cells

280