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Abstract

Objectives: To develop and assess the psychometric properties of an instrument/questionnaire for evaluation of ‘‘motivation’’ amongst children and adolescents living with inflammatory arthritic conditions.

Methods: Based on content analysis, semi structured group discussion and Rasch analysis, ten domains were identified, hence, the questionnaire was developed including: 10-items scale (0-10 on VAS scale). Each item was supported by illustrations explaining both ends of the measure. Construct validity was assessed by correlating the score of the questionnaire to disease activity scores; patient reported outcomes; as well as adherence to therapy. Reliability and comprehensibility and sensitivity to change were also assessed.

Results: The questionnaire was assessed in 142 children (43 JIA, 33 systemic arthritis, 34 enthesitis related arthritis, 32 cSLE) Results revealed that the developed illustrated questionnaire mean score correlated significantly (p<0.001) with disease activity measures: JADAS-27, SLEDAI-2K and JSpADA, reflecting its validity. It also correlated significantly (p<0.001) with the scores of functional disabilities, health related quality of life and medication adherence. The questionnaire was reliable (Cronbach’s alpha 0.946) and had no mis fitting items. The illustrations were well received, and this was reflected on the questionnaire comprehensibility (97.2) and sensitivity to change (p<0.01).

Conclusions: The illustrated children motivation measure, is a patient-centered unidimensional scale that is valid, reliable and comprehensible. The measure has good psychometric properties and can be used at the individual child’s level to tailor management and monitor changes in response to therapy. The illustrations enhanced the questionnaire perception by the children as well as the parents.

Keywords

children motivation questionnaire, PROMs, adherence, functional ability, quality of life, school ​

Introduction

The development of initiative and autonomy is a critical task of middle childhood and adolescence [1]. As children become less dependent on their parents in facing the daily life challenges, they develop the social and problem-solving skills that form the basis for later successful functioning in adult roles. Juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) is the most common chronic rheumatic disease of childhood. It affects approximately 1 in 1,000 children under the age of 16 years [2]. Children and adolescents with JIA live with chronic or recurrent pain and disability, which can severely limit their ability to complete daily physical tasks and participate in school and social activities [3,4]. Consequently, JIA has been acknowledged for its negative impact on the children’s psychosocial development. Furthermore, the dynamic nature of the disease, as well as the subjective unique experience which vary amongst children living with JIA, reflect negatively on the children’s attitude, psychological status and ability to cope with their day to day lives. This, subsequently, imposes a set of behavioural requirements [5].

In contrast to acute health problems (e.g., infection, injury), where, in most of the cases, straight-forward treatments (e.g., antibiotics) are often prescribed and require only moderate levels of patient adherence; chronic diseases, typically require regular monitoring and high levels of adherence to therapy. Furthermore, often there are guidelines and treatment protocols as well as multiple treatment routes from which to choose [6]. The majority of the patients seek care because they want relief from symptoms caused by their disease [7]. When rheumatologists interact with patients their intention is that the partnership they form will motivate patients to engage in self-care which can be incorporated into their lifestyle. It is within this context of a mutually rewarding relationship that motivation and self-care of chronic illness takes place.

According to several prominent behaviour change theories, the action phase, whether for a behaviour or a non-behavioural change, is usually preceded by a motivational stage, in which changes in cognitions lead to formulation of intentions [8]. Self-efficacy and autonomous motivation are two important cognitions in such motivational phase [9]. Self-efficacy is enhanced by successful, positive experiences [10], and this is best achieved by using self-regulation techniques tailored toward small, measurable achievements and by limiting failures when pursuing the goals [11]. Autonomous motivation is the extent to which one might participate in an activity because it is perceived as personally important, as opposed to activation where the person do things for extrinsic reasons (e.g. has been asked to do or to please the others) [12]. As motivation has been linked to more adequate self-care and better management outcomes [13], assessment of the patient motivation may yield better long-term outcomes and disease control.

This study was carried out aiming at the development of a questionnaire for evaluating ‘‘motivation’’ amongst children living with inflammatory arthritic conditions and assess its psychometric properties.

Methods

Participants

This was a multicentre study aiming at developing a questionnaire for evaluating the children’s ‘‘motivation’’. Targeted population are children and adolescents, age 3-16 years old, diagnosed to have JIA and childhood systemic lupus (cSLE) diagnosed according to the International League of Associations for Rheumatology classification of juvenile idiopathic arthritis (ILAR) [14] as well as the European evidence-based recommendations for diagnosis and treatment of childhood-onset systemic lupus erythematosus [15]. Local ethical and methodological protocols for approval of the study were followed. All the patients participating in the study signed an informed consent according to the Declaration of Helsinki (at the General Assembly in October 2008).

Phase 1A: Conceptualizing motivation

Based on the critical component for individuals to participate in the management of their chronic conditions [16], a review of the literature [17-22] and discussion with the children/parents groups; children living with JIA who are likely to have better health outcomes were identified as those who: 1. Understand the nature of their disease, 2. Are involved in the personal care plan; 3. Are able to maintain functioning, reduce health declines and engaged in activities bearing in mind the dynamicity of the patient’s psychological experience and the negative impact of the disease; 4. Are aware of the patient’s health-engagement role and able to share in the decision making process; 5. Are able to self-manage symptoms/problems particularly in between hospital visits; 6. Are able to collaborate with treating health care professionals; 7. Can find solutions or make contact to find solution to new problems; 8. Can adopt lifestyle changes; 9. Are able to administer medications; 10. Are able to find resources and select service providers based on performance or quality. These ten domains were used as a frame for an expert consensus and patient focus groups.

Phase 1b: Step I: Developing the item pool

A random sample of 114 patients (36 JIA, 25 systemic arthritis, 27 enthesitis related arthritis, 26 cSLE; 78 females, and 36 males; mean age 12.2 years ± 3.28 years, mean disease duration 2.3 years ± 4.62 years) were interviewed to identify the relevant items pool. Interviews took place in a private room and lasted between 30 minutes-60 minutes. Related themes were highlighted, grouped together under the domains they were intended to measure and organized by conceptual categories [23-25]. Following a content analysis and cognitive interviews, items were retained and used for the pilot study.

Data regarding the children’s age, sex, educational level, school attendance, medical history, physical as well as psychological health activities were collected for each child.

Step II: Development of the questionnaire and psychometric analysis

One hundred and 35 (135) children (41 JIA, 31 systemic arthritis, 32 enthesitis related arthritis, 31 cSLE; 91 females, and 44 males; mean age 12.6 years ± 3.19 years, mean disease duration 2.5 years+3.93 years) were included in this step of the work. All participants completed test questionnaire whilst attending the outpatient clinic after a brief introduction letter. A trained nurse was available to help when required. The children’s and parents’ comments and feedback were recorded. 36-children needed help as they were unable to read the questionnaire. The goal was to obtain a reliable, statistically valid, unidimensional scale that captured as much as possible of the agreed domains derived through the conceptualization stage. Using Rasch analysis, an iterative procedure was used balancing 4 concerns: 1. removal of miss fitting items, 2. maximizing scale length, 3. elimination of items with overlapping difficulties, and 4. removal of gaps along the disability-difficulty continuum [26].

Using Rasch analysis, the items that best balanced and met the criteria of item fit, scale length, and were evenly spaced to assess the children’s motivation were selected for the questionnaire draft.

Ten questions were identified for the questionnaire, for each question, visual analogue scale (0-10) was used for the patient to score. The score of each questionnaire was the sum of individual item score divided by 10 or the mean of the item score if 8 or 9 items were only completed. The questionnaire was not scored if fewer than 8 items were completed. Total score for each questionnaire ranges from 0-10.

Using visual learning to motivate interactive critical thinking: Based on the fact that visual aids can improve understanding of health risks and treatment options, visual aids have been used whenever it would make the content easier to understand and facilitate independent decision making. Examples: 1. using emojis to make numeric information easier to understand; 2. Illustrated visual aids to reinforce the question meaning and help the children choose their individual preferable answer.

Step III: Validity of the developed questionnaire

After development of the new illustrated version of the questionnaire, the instrument was assessed for validity, reliability, comprehensibility and user-friendliness as a self-administered questionnaire in a random sample of 142 children (43 JIA, 33 systemic arthritis, 34 enthesitis related arthritis, 32 cSLE; 96 females, and 46 males; mean age 12.3 years ± 4.53 years, mean disease duration 2.2 years + 4.61 years). Fourteen children needed help with reading the questionnaire. Construct validity was assessed by correlating the tool scores to parameters of disease activity: JADAS-27 [27], SLEDAI-2K [28] as well as JSpADA [29]. In addition, each patient completed a patient reported outcome measures questionnaire [30] to identify the child’s functional ability, quality of life, school attendance, comorbidities, as well as adherence to medications.

Step IV: Reliability

The internal consistency reliability of the instrument is a measure of how well the items on a test measure the same construct and is the same as Cronbach’s alpha. Reliabilities of >0.85 are satisfactory [31,32]. Patients were asked to complete another copy of the questionnaire for a second time after 2 weeks to assess test-retest reliability. This method reduces the influence of information recall associated with shorter periods of retest and produces a more robust estimate of instrument reliability. The intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC) was used to measure agreement between test and retest.

Stage V: Comprehensibility and usefulness

The final version of the questionnaire was tested for its usefulness and user-friendliness using visual analogue scale 0-100, where “0” represent not at all, whereas “100” represent very much.

Stage VI: Responsiveness

Responsiveness has been described as “the ability of an instrument to measure clinically important change over time” [33]. The questionnaire sensitivity to change was evaluated in 81 JIA children receiving conventional DMARDS or biologic therapy according to approved guidelines [34]. Patients completed the questionnaire twice in their treatment course; once at 0-time before starting the medical management and at 6-month after commencing the treatment. Changes in the questionnaire scores were compared to changes of disease activity scores.

Statistical analysis

Rasch Analysis: the Rasch computer program Winsteps was used in this work [35]. The fit of the data to the model is expressed in 2 ways. First the mean square information-weighted statistic (INFIT) provides information about responses given to items around the same difficulty level as the person’s ability. Second, the outlier-sensitive statistic (OUTFIT) refers to items whose difficulty level is remote from the person’s ability. An INFIT/OUTFIT range of 0.7-1.3 denotes adequate fit of the data to the model [36,37]. A poor item fit statistic can indicate poorly constructed or understood items or, when a scale score is assigned by a professional lack of reliability in assignment. Otherwise, poor fit may indicate problems with uni-dimensionality, that is, the item does not “belong” to the construct or attribute being measured. In the Rasch model, motivation is considered to lie upon a linear “ruler,” similar to an ordinary ruler, where “the lowest possible motivation” is the anchor at one end and “the highest possible motivation” is the anchor at the other end. The motivation range is expressed in logits, a completely linear measure. A question difficulty (threshold) represents the position in logits which the item occupies on the linear disability scale. By plotting the item thresholds for each measure, it was possible to determine the width of the construct covered by each measure and the manner in which the thresholds mark that construct. Finally, the floor and ceiling percent was calculated for each item.

Validation of the questionnaire: Data were presented as frequency tables for categorical variables and mean, standard deviation and 95% confidence interval for interval variables. Floor percent represent the patient that reported the lowest scale level i.e. showing the lowest motivation. While ceiling is referred to patients reporting highest motivation in their response to the items prescribed. Spearman correlation was used to test correlation of the score calculated with other parameters. Chi-square was used to test association between 2 categorical variables. Cronbach alpha was calculated to test reliability and internal consistency of the questionnaire items. All statistical manipulation and analyses were performed using the 11th version of SPSS.

Results

Following the review of the literature, the expert consensus process and patients group identified 10-domains for conceptualizing motivation. Six of these domains were identified by experts and patients as key component. These included: knowledge and understanding of the disease nature, personal care, knowledge about medications administration, self-management, problem solving and life style changes. Two components were identified by the patients as primary components, namely collaboration with provider and finding resources. Similarly, 2-components were identified by experts as primary components, namely maintain function and belief in shared decision making. The 4 items were retained for the scale development.

Questionnaire Analysis

The motivation questionnaire: The 10 items of the questionnaire (Table 1) displayed adequate fit to the Rasch model. This is denoted by 2 fit statistics, INFIT and OUTFIT. For the number of cases in this study, INFIT and OUTFIT values within the range 0.67 to 1.4 represent adequate fit to the model (INFIT ranged from 0.81-1.07, OUTFIT range 0.83-1.14). The tasks which came on top of the motivation continuum were: ability to self-manage, life style changes and ability to find solution, ability to maintain functional ability despite tiredness or psychological experience and engage in activities. At the other end of the spectrum came knowledge of disease nature, belief that active involvement in one’s health is important as well as shared decision making. Other items held intermediate positions. Table 3 shows the thresholds of all the items included in the questionnaire. The differences among items, as regards to their difficulty, can also be assessed by percentages of subjects selecting each category of a given item.

Table 1.  The childhood patient motivation questionnaire for measurement of children’s and adolescents’ motivation

Motivation Questionnaire

I am aware of the nature of my condition, the reasons for the symptoms, the course it runs and the consequences if left untreated.

I have knowledge of my personal care plan, the treatment options available to me, understand how each treatment I am taking works, and the possible side effects I might get.

Regardless of whether I feel down, tired or anxious, I am still able to cope, and not to let my illness stop me from doing things I want to do.

I am aware of my role in my own care, feel able to share in the treatment decision making and know when to seek medical advice.

I would not be worried about discussing any question I may have regarding my condition or treatment with my Doctor/nurse

I am confident I can take any tablet and/or administer any injection prescribed for me.

I can self-manage my condition, ease the symptoms and overcome some of the difficulties which might develop in association with my illness between Doctors / hospital visits.

I am happy that I can find a way around any new problem related to my condition, and how to solve it to prevent it from interfering with my every day activities.

I am confident that I will be able to continue with any changes I make to my lifestyle such as diet, work, exercise, drinking or smoking, even if it gets tough.

I am confident I can find reliable and useful sources of information to educate myself about my condition, treatment and health choices

Construct and criterion validation outcomes

Assessment of flooring and ceiling percentages in the developed tool revealed that the mean score was 6.6 ± 1.4, percentage of patients at floor was 17.2% and percentage at ceiling was 23.5%. To assess construct and criterion validity, the 10-item children motivation questionnaire variables, were found to be conceptually related to the children’s motivation. They were also examined for their relationship to the measured children’s status. The results indicated considerable evidence for the construct validity of the developed measure. Those with higher motivation score report significantly better functional ability (r=-0.86, p<0.001), as well as better quality of life (r=-0.75, p<0.01). Also, they had significantly lower rates of doctor office visits (r=0.78, p<0.001), lower rates of contacting the advice line as well as less number of visits to their general practitioner for matters related to their arthritis (r=0.54, p<0.01), whereas they had higher rates of adherence to therapy (r=0.86, p<0.001).

Comparison to disease activity scores revealed significant negative relation between the children Motivation questionnaire and the disease activity scores with higher motivation scores correlating significantly with better disease activity control (Table 3).

Table 2. Items thresholds of the Patient motivation questionnaire

The Motivation Questions	Item Threshold	Infit	Outfit
Collaboration with the provider	1.93	1.5	1.36
Ability to find resources	2.37	1.33	1.47
Problem solving	1.57	1.23	1.36
Life style change	2.19	1.16	1.21
Knowledge of disease nature	1.92	1.15	1.17
Involvement in Personal care	1.78	1.13	1.16
Ability to self-manage	1.04	1.09	1.2
Health engagement and shared decision making	1.25	1.03	1.09
Knowledge of medication and its administration	1.06	1.03	1.05
Engagement in activities and maintaining functional ability	1.49	0.82	0.87

Table 3. Correlation of the children motivation questionnaire score with the disease activity scores and the patient reported outcomes. JADAS-27: Disease activity score-27, SLEDAI-2K: Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Disease Activity Index 2000, JSpADA: Juvenile Spondyloarthritis Disease Activity, HRQoL: Health related quality of life

P value	Spearman (r)
0.001	-0.384	JADAS27
0.001	-0.325	SLEDAI-2K
0.001	-0.346	JSpADA
0.004	-0.257	Functional Disability
0.001	-0.284	Health related QoL
0.001	0.364	Medication adherence

Absence from school was significantly (p<0.01) negatively related to the children motivation score. Similarly studying the relation between the children motivation questionnaire and the quality of life measure score revealed significant negative relation (p<0.01).

Reliability

The children motivation questionnaire was reliable as demonstrated by a relatively high-standardized alpha value (0.946) and minimal changes recorded in the 2nd from the 1st test. ICC for agreement demonstrated a quite good reliability (ICC 0.95).

Responsiveness

On studying the correlation of percentage changes in the children motivation questionnaire score to percentage changes of parameters of disease activity, a statistically significant correlation was observed between the developed tool’s percentage changes and parameters of disease activity parameters (Table 4). The average percentage of change for the children Patient motivation measure was 72.6+27.2 (95% CI 61.5-76.7).

Table 4. Correlation of percentage changes of the children motivation score to percentage changes in the disease activity scores as well as patient reported outcomes. ^** P<0.01 JADAS-27: Disease activity score-27, SLEDAI-2K: Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Disease Activity Index 2000, JSpADA: Juvenile Spondyloarthritis Disease Activity, HRQoL: Health related quality of life.

Disease Activity Score % change	Patient Motivation Score % change
JADAS-27	0.96**
SLEDAI-2K	0.94**
JSpADA	0.93**
Functional Disability	0.95**
HRQoL functional	0.98**
HRQoL psychological	0.97**

Comprehensibility and friendliness

On a scale from zero to 100, ‘user-friendliness’ scored a median of 88 (interquartile range [IQR] 82–96), ’understandability’ 89 (IQR 84–97), and ‘feeling better informed’ 84 (IQR 78–95). The vast majority of patients, 99% of the assessed children, found the figures added to the questionnaire items were clarifying rather than frightening. 98% of the patients included reported comprehensibility of >85/100 (mean comprehensibility rate was 97.2 ± 0.82).

Discussion

The implementation of behavioural approaches as an effective way to improve the health of inflammatory arthritis patients, may lead to improved patient outcomes and can be applicable in other populations with chronic diseases. Results of this work revealed that the developed Children Patient Motivation questionnaire (cPMQ) was a valid and reliable tool to measure the child’s motivation. The measure has strong psychometric properties in all JIA categories and c-SLE. As the measure was highly reliable at the person level, this facilitates its use on the individual level to evaluate the child’s motivation standard and set up care plans tailored to the child’s needs. Moreover, as the measure has maintained precision across different disease activity levels, it can also be used at the aggregate level to evaluate and compare the efficacy of health care delivery systems and interventions. Furthermore, results revealed positive association between autonomy support and adherence to therapy as well as improved health related quality of life measures. This agrees with earlier studies including randomized controlled trials which revealed that in different disorders, enhanced self-determined regulations can predict adherence to medical prescriptions [38], smoking cessation [39], weight loss [40], and glycaemic control [41] as well as inflammatory arthritis [42]. Other studies have shown that more autonomous motives for exercise correspond to positive outcomes such as adherence [43] and enhanced well-being [44,45].

This study implemented the use of visual aids to conduct the message to the children, which reflected positively on children’s perception. This was not only supported by the high comprehensibility and user friendliness scores shown in this study results but was also reinforced by the significant drop of number of children asking for help to complete the questionnaire (dropped by 61%). Learning theory states that not all students (or patients) learn by reading written information. Visual aids were found a better option for learning; including pictures, illustrations, and cartoons. In addition, the current media dominated learning atmosphere, makes the use of visual aids or any other visual format more attractive to both children and adults. It has been estimated that 65% of the population are thought to be visual learners – people who retain information better by seeing pictures and videos rather than reading text or hearing information delivered orally [46]. Level of literacy is another factor that favours the use of visual aids. This has been supported by the sobering statistics from the National Assessment of Adult Literacy [47], showing that nearly half of American adults demonstrate low literacy levels, consequently incorporating high-quality visual elements into the patient education materials, not only will improve patients’ comprehension of their health and treatment, but also will increase compliance as well, which comes in agreement with the results of this study.

Interventions enhancing the communication between the patient and the health care professional, would have a synergistic impact on the management outcomes and approaches. The developed cPMQ covers 10 categories. Identifying which category, the child might be lacking motivation, can help in handling this challenge by tailoring a program meeting the child’s requirements. Motivational text messages can boost health of arthritis patients if they have difficulty with self-management e.g. text messages can be sent to remind the children to take their medicine or have the monitoring blood tests. A study revealed that a combination of text messages and individual counselling sessions to motivate arthritic patients may lead to improved patient outcomes [48]. If there has been a challenge with life style changes or engagement in activities, such approach of behavioural intervention was also reported to be effective at reducing daily sitting time by an average of more than two hours in arthritic patients, and also reduced their cholesterol levels [49]. In cases where there are challenges regarding awareness of the nature of the disease, a recent study showed how implementing US-guided patient education could improve the patient motivation and provide those patients with better understanding of the nature of the disease as well as treatment benefits, which in turn made the patients more inclined to accept risks in the pursuit of successful disease control [50].

Self-determination theory (SDT) is a macro theory of human motivation and personality that concerns people's inherent growth tendencies and innate psychological needs [51]. SDT is concerned with the motivation behind choices people make without external influence and interference. JIA disrupts a child's sense of normality and impairs his or her motivation capacity. Children with JIA have a sense of being misunderstood and stigmatized, and they feel perpetually caught between having hope and control over their bodies and overwhelming pain and despair. To increase their confidence and the ability to manage pain, children need ongoing information about treatments, lifestyle management, and active involvement in their own health decision making [52]. Results of this study revealed that by endorsing the children’s motivation as a parameter of the disease status, helped to improve the child’s quality of life, functional ability, school attendance as well as adherence to therapy.

Conclusion

In conclusion, this study enforces the patients centred approach for treatment of JIA. The analysis showed that the children Motivation questionnaire has good psychometric properties, is applicable in standard clinical practice and has good correlation with concurrent disease activity measures. It has also solid reliability, sensitivity to change as well as comprehensibility. Having a valid and reliable measure to assess children motivation is the first step in understanding patient proactivity and its role in health care quality, outcomes, and cost containment. This finding may contribute to further development of interventions tailored to the patient’s needs.

Conflict of Interest

The authors have no relevant financial disclosures and has no conflict of interest.

Ethical approval

All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. Local ethical and methodological protocols for approval of the study were followed. All patients participating in the study were Egyptians who signed an informed consent according to the Declaration of Helsinki (at the General Assembly in October 2008).

Contributor-ship

All authors had a substantial contribution to the conception and design of the study, drafting/ revising of the article and final approval of the version to be published.

Acknowledgements

We express thanks to all participants, our colleagues, research assistants and nurses for their cooperation and help to bring this research to its final conclusions.

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