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Abstract

This study was conducted to evaluate the repellent activities of the essential oils of Ocimum basilicum against Anopheles mosquito and to formulate cream repellent for mosquitoes from essential oil of O. basilicum L. Ocimum basilicum L. (Lamiaceae) commonly known as sweet basil, has been used as a traditional medicinal plant for the treatment of headaches, coughs, diarrhoea, constipation, warts, worms, and kidney malfunctions.The essential oil of the plant of O. basilicum was obtained by hydro-distillation and analyzed by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS).The physical properties of essential oil were also identified. Fifty-one compounds were characterized and identified by GC–MS, comprising 99.7% of the total oil. Major compounds were linalool (18.88%), cinnamic acid (18.31%), and eucalyptol (8.46%). In this work, the oil was assessed for topical repellence effects against malarial vector Anopheles mosquito in cages. The essential oil was tested at three different concentrations 2, 4 and 6% of the oil. From the results obtained, the essential oil of Ocimum basilicum exhibited relatively high repellency effect (> 250 minutes at 6% concentration). The oil was successively formulated as a cream. The formulated cream was prepared using the concentration of 6% of the essential oil. The cream was tested for repellency effect and showed same effect as the essential oil of Ocimum basilicum at the concentration of 6%. The results achieved suggest that essential oils of Ocimum basilicum have activities repellency against female Anopheles and could be used in the form of natural repellent cream.

Key words

Ocimum basilicum, linalool, cinnamic, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC–MS), repellent activity, Anopheles mosquito

Introduction

Basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) is the most common species in Lamiaceae family. Ocimum genus includes about 150 species [1]. Within the species Ocimum basilicum L, there are several varieties that differ in the general morphological structure and texture, and in the content of chemical parameters [2]. Basil chemically contains low percentage of essential oils, as well as volatile oils, linalool, lineol, geraniol and polyphenolic acids. It is used in the traditional medicine to sooth pain, treat vomiting and stress and commonly as insect repellent. Moreover, basil tea is good for treating dysentery, nausea and flatulence. The oil of the plant is beneficial for the alleviation of spasm, rhinitis mental fatigue, cold, and as a first aid treatment for wasp stings and snake bites [3]. It has been used as a folk remedy for boredom and convulsion [4,5]. Basil cures headache improves digestion and is also good for toothache, earache and for curing epistaxis when used with camphor. Infusion of plant is effective in cephalalgia, gouty joints, fever, otitis and snake bite [6]. The plant is effective in treatment of stomach problems, fever, cough, gout and given internally to treat cystitis, nephritis and in internal piles [7]. Malaria is the primary reason of morbidity and mortality in the Sudan, with 7.5 million cases and 35, 000 deaths recorded annually [8]. Larviciding has the greatest control impact on mosquito populations, because the larvae are concentrated, immobile and accessible. The use of conventional pesticides in the water sources, however, bring many risks to people, their animals, wildlife and/or the environment. In recent times, the use of environment -friendly and biodegradable natural insecticides of plant origin (botanicals) to control insect vectors of diseases and others pests is very helpful and proved to be promising; therefore, aromatic plants and their essential oils, for example, are considered to be very important sources of many compounds that are used in different respects. Essential oils and some plant-extracts are still an important natural resource and more promising for pesticides/insecticides to control mosquitoes and several other pests [9-13]. Natural product can be used either by itself as powders or with suitable carrier or additives after being extracted by a proper solvent(s) and then formulated as required (Satriana 1983). Oils from some Ocimum spp. have been shown to repel insects and have larvicidal activity against houseflies, blue bottle flies, and mosquitoes [12]. Repellency against the adult females of Culexpipiens was observed by essential oils extracted from the dried foliage of O. basilicum [14]. The present study aims to evaluate the repellent activity of essential oil extracted from O. basilicum L against Anopheles mosquito and to formulate cream repellent for mosquitoes from essential oil of O. basilicum L.

Material and methods

Plant materials and hydro distillation of essential oil

The plant leaves were collected from Omdurman area, Sudan and washed with water to remove mud and dust particles. Sweet basil was weighed, and stems were separated manually from each other and dried under room temperature for three days. For distillation of essential oil, 1 Kg of sweet basil was ground and subjected to hydro distillation for 4 hours using Clevenger apparatus. The essential oil was received in a special container and then stored in sealed vials at +4°C until tested and analyzed. The essential oil was calculated as a percentage based on dried weight.

Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis 2.2

The qualitative and quantitative analysis of the sample (essential oil) was carried out by using GM/MS technique model (GC/MS-QP2010-Ultra) from Japans ’Simadzu Company, with serial number 020525101565SA and capillary column (Rtx-5 ms-30 m × 0.25 mm × 0.25 µm).The sample was injected by using split mode, instrument operating in EI mode at 70 eV. Helium as the carrier gas passed with flow rate 1.69 ml/min, the temperature program was started from 50°C with rate 7°C/min to 180°C then the rate was changed to 10°C/min reaching 280°C as final temperature degree. The injection port temperature was 300°C. the ion source temperature was 200°C and the interface temperature was 250°C.The sample was analyzed by using scan mode in the range of 40-500 m/z charges to ratio and the total run time was 28 minutes .Identification of components for the sample was achieved by comparing their retention times and mass fragmentation patents with those available in the library of National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). Results were recorded.

Rearing of mosquitoes larvae

The Anopheles mosquito’s larvae, were collected at various sites in Khartoum state; the larvae were transferred separately in metal dishes (40 cm diameter) and their rearing was continued until pupation. The larvae were reared continuously for several generations and kept under 25-30°C, 70-80% relative humidity and photoperiod of 13:11 h (light/dark) from 4^th May to 15 September 2018 (Training Institute, Khartoum, Sudan). The adults were reared in humidified cages and supplied with 10% sugar solution and 10% multivitamin syrup supplied in plates. Female mosquitoes were periodically blood-fed on restrained rabbits to obtain protein used principally for egg production. Under these conditions, the full development from egg to adult lasted about 35 weeks. Third instars of Anopheles mosquito larvae were used in the repellency test.

Repellency tests

 The essential oils were evaluated for their repellent activities against Anopheles mosquito using the human-bait technique [15]. Firstly, essential oil was diluted in ethanol and prepared 2, 4, and 6% concentrations. For each test, 10 disease free, laboratory- reared female mosquitoes were placed into separate laboratory cages (45 × 38 × 38 cm). Before each test, the volunteer’s skin was washed with unscented soap and the tested essential oil was applied from the elbow to the fingertips. In each cage one arm was inserted for one test concentration and the other arm applied with ethanol served as control. The treated and control arms were interchanged regularly to eliminate bias. Each test concentration was repeated five times and, in each replicate, subject different volunteers to nullify any effect of colour of the skin on repellent. Volunteers were asked to follow the testing protocol. Volunteers conducted their test of each concentration by inserting the treated and control arms alternatively into a same cage for one full minute for every five minutes. If they were not bitten within 20 minutes, then the arms were reinserted for 1 full minute for every 15 minutes, until the first bite occurred

Formulation cream for mosquito repellent

All apparatus were washed by tap water and distilled water and then 5.2 g of Essential oils of basil was weighted in beaker (500 ml) and 12.5 g of Vaseline and 12.5 g of wax were added and then the mixture were heated with stirring until all components were dissolved 57 g of distilled water was added with stirring until the mixture became white and a homogenous semisolid cream appeared.

Results and discussion

Physical properties

The results for Physical properties of essential oils were: Colour was light yellow, smell was intense scent, density was 0.656 g/cm³ at 28°C and refractive index was 1.497 at 28.9°C.

Chemical composition of essential oils

Fifty-one compounds were characterized and identified by GC–MS, comprising 100% of the total oil. The main chemicals compounds that found in essential oil were shown in figure 1 and table 1. Linalool (1, 6-octadien-3-ol, 3,7-dimethyl) (18.87%), cinnamic acid, methyl ester(2-propenic acid, 3-phenyl-, methyl ester) (18.31 %), Eucalyptol(2-oxabicyclo[2.2.2.]octane) (8.46%), α-Citral (2,6 octadienal , 3,7dimethyl-,(E))(6.52%), benzoic acid,4-methyl-, methyl ester (4.85 %), beta-citral (2,6-Octadienal, 3,7-dimethyl-,(Z)-)(4.79%), Eugenol (3.32%),trans-.alpha.-Bergamotene(3.13%),Geraniol(2.45%), tau.-cadinol (2.36%), Cyclohexane, 1-ethenyl-1-methyl-2,4-bis(1-methylethenyl)-,[1S(1.alpha.,2.beta.,4.beta.)] (1.97%), 3-Cyclohexen-1-ol, 4-methyl-1-(1methylethyl)-,(R)-(1.84Phenol,2-methoxy-4-(2-propenyl)-, acetate (1.73%), and α-Terpineol (1.33%). According to the chromatogram in figure 3.1, Linalool, cinnamic acid and Eucalyptol are found main components. In a study done in Bangladesh for Ocimum basilicum, linalool and geraniol were reported as the main components [16]. In the oils, obtained from aerial parts of O. basilicum grown in Colombia and Bulgaria, linalool and methyl cinnamate were reported as major components of volatile oils respectively [17,18].

Figure 1. Gas chromatogram of essential oil of Ocimum basilicum L.

Table 1. Chemical composition of the essential oil extracted from Ocimum basilicum L

ID#	Name	Ret. Time	Area	Area%
	.alpha.-Phellandrene	4.561	114422	0.04
	.alpha.-Pinene	4.693	970358	0.30
	Camphene	4.966	249805	0.08
	Benzaldehyde	5.239	312644	0.10
	Bicyclo[3.1.0]hexane, 4-methylene-1-(1-methylethyl)-	5.395	1370547	0.42
	Bicyclo[3.1.1]heptane, 6,6-dimethyl-2-methylene-, (1S)-	5.471	2542220	0.78
	5-Hepten-2-one, 6-methyl-	5.629	624862	0.19
	.beta.-Myrcene	5.677	1480810	0.46
	Cyclohexene, 1-methyl-4-(1-methylethylidene)-	6.198	182736	0.06
	o-Cymene	6.359	732353	0.23
	D-Limonene	6.437	1961962	0.60
	Eucalyptol	6.508	27434351	8.46
	1,3,6-Octatriene, 3,7-dimethyl-, (Z)-	6.783	1750671	0.54
	.gamma.-Terpinene	7.026	556179	0.17
	Bicyclo[3.1.0]hexan-2-ol,2-methyl-5-(1-methylethyl)-, (1.alpha.,2.beta.,5.alpha.)-	7.239	1872400	0.58
	Ethyl 2-(5-methyl-5-vinyltetrahydrofuran-2-yl)propan-2-yl carbonate	7.321	860073	0.27
	L-Fenchone	7.661	6574267	2.03
	1,6-Octadien-3-ol, 3,7-dimethyl-	7.889	61247701	18.87
	Bicyclo[2.2.1]heptan-2-ol, 1,3,3-trimethyl-	8.212	4734233	1.46
	(+)-2-Bornanone	8.830	2348885	0.72
	Isoborneol	9.285	3368002	1.04
	3-Cyclohexen-1-ol, 4-methyl-1-(1-methylethyl)-, (R)-	9.488	5983669	1.84
	.alpha.-Terpineol	9.765	4330300	1.33
	(-)-Myrtenol	9.890	1173728	0.36
	Fenchyl acetate	10.297	420327	0.13
	2,6-Octadienal, 3,7-dimethyl-, (Z)-	10.720	15545037	4.79
	Geraniol	10.977	7935392	2.45
	2,6-Octadienal, 3,7-dimethyl-, (E)-	11.303	21139820	6.52
	Bornyl acetate	11.614	1007985	0.31
	Benzoic acid, 4-ethenyl-, methyl ester	12.026	15723394	4.85
	Geranic acid	12.293	653171	0.20
	Geranic acid	12.596	539897	0.17
	Eugenol	13.037	10769026	3.32
	Geranyl acetate	13.418	1092718	0.34
	2-Propenoic acid, 3-phenyl-, methyl ester	13.565	59402173	18.31
	Cyclohexane,1-ethenyl-1-methyl-2,4-bis(1-methylethenyl)-, [1S-(1.alpha.,2.beta.,4.beta.)]-	13.652	6396144	1.97
	Caryophyllene	14.204	3542971	1.09
	trans-.alpha.-Bergamotene	14.418	10156451	3.13
	.alpha.-Guaiene	14.500	1433373	0.44
	Humulene	14.825	2049616	0.63
	1H-Cyclopenta[1,3]cyclopropa[1,2]benzene, octahydro-7-methyl-3-methylene-4-(1-methylethyl)-,[3aS-(3a.alpha.,3b.beta.,4.beta.,	14.984	726206	0.22
	1,6-Cyclodecadiene,1-methyl-5-methylene-8-(1-methylethyl)-, [S-(E,E)]-	15.312	3764257	1.16
	.gamma.-Elemene	15.589	1817705	0.56
	Azulene,1,2,3,5,6,7,8,8a-octahydro-1,4-dimethyl-7-(1-methylethenyl)-, [1S-(1.alpha.,7.alpha.,8a.beta.)]-	15.723	2583104	0.80
	.gamma.-Muurolene	15.879	6601053	2.03
	Phenol, 2-methoxy-4-(2-propenyl)-, acetate	16.049	5599193	1.73
	Cyclohexanemethanol, 4-ethenyl-.alpha.,.alpha.,4-trimethyl-3-(1-methylethenyl)-, [1R-(1.alpha.,3.alpha.,4.beta.)]-	16.490	1248951	0.38
	1H-Cycloprop[e]azulen-7-ol,decahydro-1,1,7-trimethyl-4-methylene-, [1ar-(1a.alpha.,4a.alpha.,7.beta.,7a.beta.,7b.alpha.)]-	17.029	950158	0.29
	11,11-Dimethyl-spiro[2,9]dodeca-3,7-dien	17.123	1562903	0.48
	Cubedol	17.627	1342857	0.41
	.tau.-Cadinol	18.047	7658470	2.36

Repellency assessment of the oil

In this study, the results for repellency of essential oil of Ocimum basilicum against mosquito Anopheles under laboratory condition were given in table 2. Ocimum basilicum provided repellency of 125.0, 200.0 and 270.0 minutes at 2, 4, and 6% concentrations respectively. From these results it could be concluded that, increasing in the concentration of the essential oil, extends the repellency time. There were significant differences in repellency among the different concentrations of each essential oil against Anopheles. On the other hand, the ethanol applied arm served as control provided maximum 10 minutes repellency. Among the concentrations 6% of essential oil of Ocimum basilicum, provided more than 4 h repellency, while the concentration 4% provided more than 3 h repellency, but concentration 2% give repellency of less than 2.30 h. The essential oil of Ocimum basilicum used in this study did not cause skin irritation, hot sensations or rashes on the arms of the test volunteers during the study period. The results obtained in this work indicated that essential oils that extracted from Ocimum basilicum showed promising repellent activity against Anopheles. Nowadays, the use of plant essential oils in mosquito repellent is an alternative personal protective measure against the noxious effects of synthetic repellents on the users and environment [19]. Unlike synthetic repellents, the literature on mosquito' s botanical agents do not contain any evidence to suggest that resistance to these substances has emerged. This is most likely not due to any reason of consequence but because botanical agents are not often used in vector control [20] and also, they are mixtures of various related compounds with different modes of action and hence the development of resistance to such products is somewhat difficult [21]. Chokechaijaroenporn et al. [22] found that, repellency of the volatile oil of several basil species against Anopheles aegypti lasting between 15 and 105min, depending on the basil type. On other hand a study in Guina Bissau, West Africa, reported that, fresh Ocimum canum (Ocimum americamum) could reduce biting by anopheles mosquitoes about 63.6%. Moreover, the repellency of the plant species including O. kilimandscharium and O Suave with high biting protection reached (83 to 91%) and feeding inhibition (71.2 to 92.5%), respectively. Other essential oils e.g. oil of turmeric, citronella grass, and citronella cream were shown to possess repellency against mosquito [23,24].

Each value represents mean ± Standard deviation. Values in the same column with different superscript letter are significantly different. Cream was prepared with different concentrations (2, 4 and 6%) of Ocimum basilicum L oil.

Table 2. Repellent activity of essential oil extracted from Ocimum basilicum L. against Anopheles mosquito

Treatments	Complete-protection time (min)
Control	10 ± 0.5
2%	125 ± 2.9
4%	200 ± 2.3
6%	270 ± 2.9

Conclusion

From this research it concluded that, the essential oil extracted from Ocimum basilicum L contains many bioactive compounds such as: Linalool, cinnamic acid and Eucalyptol. Moreover, the cream prepared from basil essential oil has repellent activity and increasing skin moisture. The higher concentration of the essential oils of basil in the lotion can enhance the effect of repellent.

Acknowledgement

This work was financially supported by the Scientific Research and Innovation, Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research, Sudan.

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