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Abstract

Purpose: To confirm the superiority of the therapeutic effect of topical use of azoximer bromide (Polyoxidonium) in comparison with placebo in children from 1 to 12 years of age with ARVI.

Patients and methods: The study included 155 children: the main group consisted of 76 children with azoximer bromide, the comparison group consisted of 79 children with placebo included in the complex treatment. The study evaluated the dynamics of intoxication symptoms, symptoms of inflammation of the nasal mucous membrane, the total sum of all symptoms in points to 3, 5 and 8 days of treatment, the duration of the fever period as criteria for evaluation the effectiveness of therapy.

Results: According to the study results, the efficacy of azoximer bromide use in the complex therapy of children from 1 to 12 years with ARVI can be stated. Inclusion of azoximer bromide in the complex treatment of ARVI in children as compared to placebo allows to control better the symptoms of intoxication, to reduce the severity of symptoms of "nasal discharge" and "nasal congestion" by the 5th day of therapy, to increase twice the number of patients with no symptoms of "Nasal discharge" by the 3rd and 5th days of therapy, to reduce the severity of infectious and inflammatory process. The number of adverse events on the background of azoximer bromide use is not statically significantly different from the number of adverse events on the placebo use background, which indicates the safety of azoximer bromide.

Conclusion: Topical use of azoximer bromide in complex treatment of ARVI in children from 1 to 12 years is clinically effective and safe.

Keywords

children, ARVI, azoximer bromide, polyoxidonium, clinical study

Abbreviations

ARVI: Acute Respiratory Viral Infection; UA: Upper Airways; NET: Neutrophil Extracellular Traps.

Introduction

Acute respiratory viral infections (ARVI) remain one of the most relevant problems due to the high specific weight in the infectious pathology, the risk of severe complications. Children under 14 are significantly more likely to have ARVI than adults [1].

Symptoms of inflammation and intoxication of ARVI significantly impair the child quality of life and his parents during the illness. In connection with the above mentioned, it is relevant to search for methods to facilitate the course of ARVI and reduce the complications probability.

Azoximer bromide (Polyoxidonium®), which has a complex action is of interest: immunomodulatory, detoxifying and anti-inflammatory effects. An important mechanism among the effects of azoximer bromide is the activation of non-specific factors of mucous membrane protection. The main mechanism of the immunomodulatory action of bromide azoximer is direct action on phagocytic cells and natural killers, as well as stimulation of antibody formation and interferon-alpha and interferon-gamma synthesis. The studies show that azoximer bromide increases the phagocytic activity of macrophages and neutrophils [2,3]. In vitro study has shown that this drug is able to inhibit the formation of suicidal neutrophil extracellular traps (NET) [4]. Several studies have shown that the severity of rhinoviral infection and influenza, acute moderate otitis, acute and chronic rhinosinusitis, pneumonia and other infectious diseases is correlated with the level of NET formation [2,5,6].

The anti-inflammatory action of azoximer bromide is realized by normalization of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines synthesis and also connected with suppression of NET formation. Detoxifying properties are explained by the peculiarity of the molecule structure - a large number of different active groups on its surface, which intensively bind soluble toxic substances and micro-particles circulating in blood [2].

The purpose of our study: to confirm the superiority of the therapeutic effect of topical use of azoximer bromide (Polyoxidonium®) in comparison with placebo when used as part of complex therapy in children aged 1 to 12 years with ARVI.

Patients and methods

A multicenter prospective randomized double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial of the efficacy and safety of the studied drug was performed in children aged 1 to 12 years with ARVI, not requiring admission to hospital. The study was conducted at 11 centers in Russia.

The study was fully performed in outpatient settings according scheme of study (Figure 1). Visits 0, 1 and 2 were carried out by doctor's visit at home.

Figure 1. Scheme of the study

In total 4-5 visits were performed: Visit 0 (day -1 - screening), Visit 1 (day 1 - randomization), Visit 2 (day 3), Visit 3 (day 5 - phone call), Visit 4 (day 8 ± 1) and Visit 5 (day 12 ± 1 - phone call). Visit 0 and Visit 1 were matched in most cases.

In total 175 children were screened, 3 of them did not fulfill the inclusion criteria. 172 children were randomized, and 8 children dropped out due to serious protocol violations, adverse events in the background of therapy). A total of 164 people completed the study, but data from 155 children were accepted for the final analysis (9 were excluded from the analysis due to serious violations of protocol procedures during the study, which were identified during the data analysis).

Children were included in the study if the following inclusion criteria were met:

1. Patients of both genders from 1 to 12 years of age inclusive.
2. Diagnosis of ARVI according to the doctor's examination: axillary temperature ≥ 37°C at the time of examination and the total number of points of symptom severity ≥ 5 points, of which at least 3 points - symptoms of ENT organs and UA (according to the "Symptoms evaluation scale", Table 1).
3. No more than 24 hours from the onset of ARVI symptoms.
4. Presence of the informed consent form signed by one of the parents/adopters and the child (if the age > 10 years).

Table 1. Symptom assessment scale (to be filled in by parent/adopter himself).

Date of filling (dd.mm.yyyy):

filling time:

h

min

General symptoms of intoxication	Assessment
Modified/decreased activity (or disturbed behavior)	None (0 points)	Mild (1 point)	Moderate (2 points)	Severe (3 points)
Disturbed appetite or refusal to feed	None (0 points)	Mild (1 point)	Moderate (2 points)	Severe (3 points)
Painful (or different) appearance	None (0 points)	Mild (1 point)	Moderate (2 points)	Severe (3 points)
Disturbed or altered sleep	None (0 points)	Mild (1 point)	Moderate (2 points)	Severe (3 points)
Nasal symptoms
Nasal discharge	None (0 points)	Mild (1 point)	Moderate (2 points)	Severe (3 points)
Nasal congestion/impaired nasal airflow	None (0 points)	Mild (1 point)	Moderate (2 points)	Severe (3 points)
Sneeze	None (0 points)	Mild (1 point)	Moderate (2 points)	Severe (3 points)
The throat and chest symptoms
Hoarseness	None (0 points)	Mild (1 point)	Moderate (2 points)	Severe (3 points)
Sore throat	None (0 points)	Mild (1 point)	Moderate (2 points)	Severe (3 points)
Cough	None (0 points)	Mild (1 point)	Moderate (2 points)	Severe (3 points)
Total number of points

Study non-inclusion criteria

1. suspected pneumonia, bacterial infection (including meningitis, sepsis, otitis media, rhinosinusitis, urinary tract infection, etc.) or the presence of a disease requiring the antibacterial drugs prescription from the first day of the disease.
2. Suspicion of the initial diseases manifestations that have in the debut similar to ARVI symptoms (other infectious diseases, influenza-like syndrome in the debut of systemic diseases of connective tissue and other pathology).
3. Influenza or streptococcal infection according to the rapid test results.
4. Clinical symptoms of severe ARVI requiring hospitalization (fever ≥ 40°C, signs of airway obstruction, marked hemodynamic/neurological disorders).
5. Presence in anamnesis or previously diagnosed primary and secondary immunodeficiency
6. Cancer
7. Acute infectious or non-infectious diseases (except for ARVI), as well as exacerbation or decompensation of chronic diseases (diabetes mellitus, cerebral spastic infantile paralysis, cystic fibrosis, primary ciliary dyskinesia, bronchopulmonary dysplasia, malformations of respiratory and ENT organs, etc.), affecting the ability of a patient to participate in clinical trial.
8. Sucrase-isomaltase deficiency, fructose intolerance, glucose-galactose malabsorption.
9. Allergy/hypersensitivity to any component of drugs used in treatment (including sensitivity to paracetamol, propacetamol hydrochloride (paracetamol prodrug)).
10. Taking the drugs specified in the part "Unauthorized concomitant treatment" 1 month before to inclusion in the study.
11. Patients whose parents/adopters, from the investigator's point of view, will not comply with observation requirements during the course of the study or will not follow the procedure for taking the studied drugs
12. Participation in other clinical drug studies for less than 3 months before the screening visit.
13. Pregnancy
14. Any other medical or social condition that, in the opinion of the study physician, prevents a child from participating in this study.

All patients included in the study on Visit 0-1 (Day -1, 1) were randomized to two therapy groups at a ratio of 1:1 according to the randomization number. Patients in one group received the studied Polyoxidonium®, nasal and sublingual spray, 6 mg/ml (NPO Petrovax Pharm, Russia), in another group - Placebo, nasal and sublingual spray, which did not differ in appearance from spray Polyoxidonium® (NPO Petrovax Pharm, Russia). The duration of the therapy was 7 days. The drug was used every day in a daily dose of 0.15 mg/kg, children from 1 to 2 years of age took the drug sublingually, children over 2 years - intranasal.

Paracetamol in age-dose was administered at body temperature of 38.5°C and above in patients, the drug was allowed to use no more than 3 days.

The following drugs for symptomatic treatment of ARVI could be prescribed in conjunction with the administration of the studied drug, according to the decision of the physician, to patients participating in this study: ascorbic acid, adrenomimetics (intranasally), expectorants, mucolytics (acetylcysteine), fenspiride.

The following criteria were used in the study as criteria for evaluation the effectiveness of therapy:

1. Dynamics of intoxication symptoms, nasal symptoms, symptoms, total sum of all symptoms in scores to day 3, 5 and 8 of treatment (Table 1).
2. The duration of the fever period. The end of the fever period is considered to be the presence of axillary body temperature ≤ 36.9°C in two consecutive measurements (morning/evening/evening morning).

The safety of therapy was evaluated throughout the study, and the safety assessment took into account data from all patients who had taken at least one dose of the studied drug

Statistical analysis

Efficiency data were analyzed in a population of patients who had undergone all the study procedures and completed it according to the protocol.

Comparison of quantitative indicators meeting the conditions of normal distribution and dispersion testwas carried out using the Student's test. The Mann-Whitney test was used to compare quantitative indicators that did not meet the conditions of normal distribution or dispersion test paired Student t-test was used to compare paired quantitative indicators that satisfy normal distribution conditions and dispersion test; Wilcoxon's test was used to compare paired quantitative indicators that do not satisfy normal distribution conditions or dispersion test. Comparative analysis of qualitative variables was carried out using χ² method, if more than 20% of the expected frequencies were less than 5, the exact two-sidedFisher's test was used. Differences were considered statistically significant at p < 0.05.

Results and discussion

Data from 155 patients (Table 2) who underwent a protocol study were used to analyze the effectiveness of their therapy:

Table 2. Characteristics of patient groups

	Main group (Polyoxidonium (azoximer bromide))	Comparison group (placebo)
Number of patients	76 children	79 children
Gender	33 (f)/43 (m)	41 (f)/38 (m)
Age, years (median)	6	5
Age distribution
1-2 years	11 children	10 children
2-5 years	21 children	28 children
5-8 years	18 children	22 children
8 -12 years	26 children	19 children

• the main group consisted of 76 patients who took Polyoxidonium®;
• the comparison group included 79 placebo patients.

No statistically significant differences were found between the groups in terms of gender (p=0.126, Pearson's test χ²), age (p=0.342, Mann-Whitney test) and patient distribution by age group (p=0.479, Pearson's test χ²). The groups of patients receiving the studied drug and placebo patients did not have statistically significant differences in frequency of previous or concomitant diseases/surgeries (p=0.939, Pearson's test χ²), allergy in history (p=0.064, Fisher's exact test), concomitant drug frequency before the study (p=0.914, Pearson's testχ² ).

Dynamics of intoxication and fever symptoms

There were no statistically significant differences in all "Symptom evaluation scale" indicators between the patient groups at baseline stage (screening)

The average duration of the fever in the placebo group of 2.26 ± 1.06 days exceeded the corresponding value of 2.04 ± 1.33 days in the azoximer bromide group (Polyoxidonium). The medians of the fever duration were 2.20 days and 1.92 days in the groups of patients treated with placebo and azoximer bromide (Polyoxidonium), respectively (p=0.242, Mann-Whitney test). Thus, there is a tendency to reduce the duration of the fever with azoximer bromide (Polyoxidonium). In earlier studies of this drug effectiveness (in the form of tablets and in the form of solution for intranasal use) it was possible to record a statistically significant difference in the terms of fever treatment. In double-blind placebo-controlled studies it is shown that use of azoximer bromide (Polyoxidonium, sublingual tablets) in complex therapy of children with ARVI leads to reduction of temperature normalization period from 100.99 ± 24.91 hours to 80.13 ± 20.75 hours (p=0.00004, Mann-Whitney test) [7]. Reduction of terms of fever elimination at intranasal use of azoximer bromide solution (Polyoxidonium) in treatment of children on the average for 3,62 days (2,35 ± 0,15 days at inclusion of azoximer bromide in standard therapy vs 5,97 ± 045 days at prescription only of standard therapy) is also shown in V.P. Vavilova et al studies [3]. Meta-analysis of the clinical studies data also confirmed that the terms of normalization of body temperature at inclusion of azoximer bromide (Polyoxidonium) in therapy of children with infectious and inflammatory diseases are reduced by 1.4 (according to the model of fixed effects) - 1.92 days (according to the model of random effects) [2]. The fever was expected to last for a longer period than they eventually got when planning this study, taking into account the presented results of previous studies. The duration of the fever was taken into account when calculating the sample size. In this regard, it is possible that with more patients included or with a longer average fever period, as in previous studies, we would have obtained a statistically significant difference in the duration of the fever period when Polyoxidonium was included in therapy.

Statistically significant differences between the groups were found on day 3 of the study on the indicator "Painful (or different) appearance" (p=0.047, Pearson's test χ2): by day 3 of therapy in the azoximer bromide group (Polyoxidonium), the symptom was absent in 59 (77.63%) patients and in 49 (62.03%) comparison groups. Thus, on the 3rd day of therapy this symptom was less expressed in the group taking azoximer bromide (Polyoxidonium), because the number of patients who did not have this symptom was 1.3 times higher than in the comparison group.

A trend towards a more expressed reduction of this symptom in the azoximer bromide group (Polyoxidonium) was detected on day 5 of therapy : the symptom was eliminated in 67 (88.16%) patients and 66 (83.54%) comparison groups (the differences are statistically insignificant, p=0.343, Pearson's test χ2). The symptom was eliminated in 100% of patients in both groups on day 8 of therapy.

Thus, azoximer bromide (Polyoxidonium) in a shorter time helps to reduce the severity of some symptoms of intoxication, which confirms the statistically significant difference on the 3rd day of therapy compared to the placebo group. On the 8th day of therapy, the expected difference between the groups was not received, because the study included patients with mild ARVI, whose typical course of treatment by the 8th day of treatment usually means that intoxication symptoms must be eliminated.

Symptoms of inflammation of the nasal mucous membrane

Statistically significant differences were found between the drugs in relation to the symptom of 'Nasal discharge' (p=0.036 and p=0.009, Pearson's test χ², Figure 2) on day 3 as well as day 5 of the study.

Figure 2. Dynamics of the number of patients (%) who did not have the symptom "Nasal discharge". * the difference between groups is statistically significant (p=0.036 on day 3 and p=0.009 on day 5, Pearson's test χ²).

Thus, there were twice as many patients with nasal discharge as the placebo group in the azoximer bromide group (Polyoxidonium), by the 3rd and 5th days of therapy.

More expressed dynamics of decreasing scores compared to the placebo group with regard to such symptoms as "Nasal discharge" (p=0.019, Pearson's test χ² , day 5 comparison with baseline values), "nasal congestion/impaired nasal airflow" (p=0.002, Pearson's test χ2, day 5 comparison with baseline values) (Figure 3 and 5) were observed in the group of azoximer bromide (Polyoxidonium). At the baseline stage, the majority of patients in both groups (76.32% (58) in the main group and 64.56% (51) in the comparison group) had the symptom "nasal congestion/impaired nasal airflow" assessed with 2 points (moderate degree). This symptom was eliminated on the fifth day of the study in the main group in 60.53% (46) patients, with the corresponding number of patients with the eliminated symptom in the comparison group being 44.30% (35) patients (Figure 4).

Figure 3. Dynamics of symptom severity (arithmetic mean) "Nasal discharge". * the difference between the groups of azoximer bromide (Polyoxidonium) and placebo is statistically significant (p=0.019, Pearson's test χ²).

Figure 4. Dynamics of symptom severity (arithmetic mean) "Nasal discharge/impaired nasal airflow". * the difference between the groups of azoximer bromide (Polyoxidonium) and placebo is statistically significant (p=0,002, Pearson's test χ2).

The total number of points according to the symptom score scale

The total number of points on Symptom Assessment Scale decreased statistically significantly (p<0.001, Wilcoxon criterion) in both groups on day 8, but on day 3 there were statistically significant differences between the groups, which remained until day 5 (p=0.049 and p=0.017, Mann-Whitney test, drugs comparison on days 3 and 5, respectively) (Figure 5). It should be noted that the above described statistically significant differences between the groups with regard to the nasal symptoms on the Symptom Assessment Scale are confirmed by the results of the physical examination. Respiratory system functions on day 3, the state of the nasal passages, the nature of the discharge was normalized in 24 (29.27%) patients of the main group and only in 3 (3.49%) of the placebo group (the differences are statistically significant: p<0.001, Pearson criterion χ2).

Figure 5. Dynamics of the total number of points according to the Symptom Assessment Scale. The data is presented as an arithmetic mean. *The differences are statistically significant (p=0.049 and p=0.017, Mann–Whitney test, comparison of drugs at the 3rd and 5th days of study, respectively).

Thus, due to the inclusion of azoximer bromide (Polyoxidonium) in the standard ARVI treatment regimen in children, a milder course of the disease was observed, which is confirmed by a statistically significant decrease in the general evaluation of symptoms on the 3rd and 5th days of the disease in comparison with placebo group, as well as a significantly lower evaluation of the symptoms of "nasal discharge" and "nasal congestion" in the Polyoxidonium group in comparison with placebo. These effects indicate a faster solution of inflammation with topical use of the Polyoxidonium, which can be explained by the immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory and detoxicant properties of the drug, as well as the ability to inhibit the formation of neutrophil extracellular traps. Accordingly, a reduction in the symptoms severity significantly improves a child's quality of life during the disease.

Safety of studied therapy

The number of patients exposed to the drug was 170 (84 in the group of the studied drug and 86 in the comparison drug group).

1 adverse event (AE): acute catarrhal left otitis media was reported after taking azoximer bromide (Polyoxidonium). The connection to the drug is assessed as possible.

6 AE were registered after taking the placebo: acute left purulent otitis - 1, Loose stool after diet disturbance - 1, acute otitis media - 1, nasal bleeding - 1, bronchitis - 1, liquid stool - 1.

The connection with the placebo is assessed as possible in 3 cases, doubtful - in 2 cases, conditional - in 1 case.

4 AE were moderate: acute purulent otitis on the left, acute otitis media, bronchitis, acute left catarrhal otitis media. The other AE were mild. All AE resolved with a full recovery. No serious adverse events have been reported.

The drug tolerance was good. The AE frequency, the frequency of complaints in the group of azoximer bromide (Polyoxidonium) did not statistically differ from the corresponding values in the placebo group. Thus, the conducted study allows us to state the safety of the studied drug Polyoxidonium.

Conclusions

Inclusion of azoximer bromide (Polyoxidonium) as a pathogenetic therapy drug in the complex treatment of children with acute respiratory infections provides an opportunity:

1. To better control the symptoms of intoxication,
2. To relieve the nasal symptoms of ARVI:

• Reduce the severity of the symptoms of "nasal discharge" and "nasal congestion" by day 5 of therapy (compared to placebo);
• Double the number of patients with nasal discharge by day 3 and 5 of therapy (compared to placebo).

3. To reduce the severity of the course of the infectious and inflammatory process, which is confirmed by the patients data, as well as lower overall scores on the Symptom Assessment Scale in patients of the group of azoximer bromide (Polyoxidonium) on the 3rd and 5th days of the disease in comparison with the placebo group.

So, topical use of azoximer bromide (as Polyoxidonium) in complex treatment of ARVI in children from 1 to 12 years is clinically effective and safe.

References

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