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Abstract

Background: Pancreatic ductal carcinoma is leading cause of cancer mortality. Gemcitabine with nab-Paclitaxel as a standard first line therapy is reporting improved clinical parameters but they are only transient. Immunological observations suggest that in background of this rapid resistance a tumor induced dysregulation of immune balance can also play a role. As it was shown the tumor-induced type-2 innate immune cells activate various inhibitory regulatory cells and growth factors which can diminish both the activity of immune effectors and the immune sensitivity of tumor cells. As it well known, the immune sensitivity related to the MHC class-I chain-related A / B (MICA and MICB) stress molecules on tumor cells which are the ligands of the most important killing activator receptor (NKG2D) on natural killer (NK) cells. Because of the discovery several years ago, that Gemcitabine can enhance the expression of MICA and MICB molecules on tumor cells, its combination with an evidence based immunomodulator has a growing clinical interest.

Material and methods: In this case report a patient with metastatic and inoperable pancreas ductal adenocarcinoma is presented who was treated with gemcitabine (1678 mg) and nab-paclitaxel (210 mg) on 1.- 8. -15. days of months given eight cycles. This therapy was regularly combined with 45 mg / kg Biobran /MGN-3 given per oral three times a week which is a standardized rice bran arabinoxylan concentrate.

Results: In a now 56 years old patient an inoperable ductal adenocarcinoma (39x46 mm) in caudal part of pancreas with multiplex liver metastases (10-30 mm) was established by CT and biopsy. He was in a nearly terminal stage (having 27 kg decrease in body weight and intensive pains). Three months after the start of the therapy a remission of pancreas tumor (25x38 mm) and in liver metastases average 3-10 mm decreases were established by CT. Seven months later in pancreas a complete remission was found and his liver metastases showed further 3-6 mm decreases. After 10 months these remissions were also established. The patient has not now any complaints and is able to work 100%.

Conclusion: The combination of gemcitabine with evidence based and standardized immunomodulators (such as MGN-3) may open new strategies in the tumor therapy.

Keywords

Pancreas carcinoma, Gemcitabine, Nab-paclitaxel, Immunomodulatory treatment, Stress-related molecules, Rice bran arabinoxylan concentrate, MGN-3/Biobran

Introduction

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) constitutes 90% of pancreatic cancer and it is the fourth leading cause of cancer-related death in the world. In addition, PDAC belongs to one of the most chemo-resistant cancer. Most of the available treatments are palliative reducing the disease-related symptoms and prolonging the survival. Therapies with targeting cancer associated molecular pathways have also not given satisfactory results [1]. Growing evidences suggest that in the unfavorable prognosis of PDAC a tumor induced immune dysregulation can play an important role [2,3].

Despite of the great technical development of tumor diagnostics, at the time of the first recognition of a malignant tumors which have usual a higher diameter than 5 mm, the numbers of the cells are at least more millions. At this size, outgrowth of clones which can definitively escape from T cell lyse, appears to be inevitable. It is also known that these T cell resistant clones exhibit genetic dysregulation-related irreversible and unrepairable quantitative and qualitative alterations in their MHC-I antigen production. It results in a growing inability of the presentation of tumor associated antigens for the cytotoxic T cells [4-6]. Because of this vulnerability of MHC-I restricted adaptive immune responses growing attention is focusing on the MHC-I unrestricted innate immune mechanisms whose escape mechanisms appear to be more repairable. As it’s well known the MHC-I unrestricted effector cells have regularly a basic activity (so called priming) which can determine their functions. Similar to neuroendocrine system this priming of innate immune system exhibits also a polarity. Namely, it is committed in two directions. As shown in Figure 1 the type-1 macrophages (M1) and from monocytes originated type-1 dentritic cells (D1) generate proinflammatory cytokines (only at short time), facilitate the production of IL-12, activate cytotoxic effectors, such as natural killer (NK), gamma-delta T and type-1 NKT1 cells which are potent inhibitors of tumor growth in MHC unrestricted manner [7-9]. However, these type-1 innate immune cells are down regulated in tumor disease [9]. Moreover, available information suggests that there is a tumor-induced dominance of type-2 macrophages (M2) and of the from the plasmocytoid precursors originated type-2 dentritic (D2) cells which generate IL-4 and IL-10 facilitating the generation of Th2 cells and inhibiting the type-1 system. It was also shown that M2 and D2 cells affect chronic inflammation, promote cell proliferation by producing growth factors and stimulate the angiogenesis. Parallel with the down regulation of type-1 cells, it was also found that tumor patients can have up to 40% type-2 peripheral monocytes in contrast to healthy persons who have only 10% [7,8].

Figure 1. The innate immune system is committed in two directions; M1 and D1 are type-1 macrophages and dentritic cells which take part in the regulation the antitumor killer cells. M2 and D2 are type-2 macrophages and dentritic cells which facilitate the generation of Th2 cells and inhibit the type-1 system. Moderately modificated Illustration from JS. Murray [Immunol Today 1998; 19: 157-63.]

In the immunological research always more data are discovered which support this polarity and in the cases of pancreas tumor the dominance of type-2 mechanisms appear to play a considerable role. It has been repeatedly shown that the peripheral level and cytotoxic activity of NK cells are positively correlated with survival of PDAC patients [1,2]. New evidences indicate that PDAC cells release metabolites favoring the expansion and accumulation of monocytic-myeloid derived suppressor cells resulting in an increased levels of both circulating and tumor infiltrating type-2 innate immune cells and this disturbed balance is associated with the shorter overall survival of PDAC [3].

Gemcitabine with nab-paclitaxel as a standard first line therapy is reporting improved clinical parameters but it is only transient. More than 15 year ago it was suggested that Gemcitabine in spite of its decreasing effect on peripheral level of lymphocytes appears to be less immunosuppressive compared to other cytostatic drugs [10]. In the background of these interesting observations a new discovery of Japan investigators may give now at least in part an explanation. Gemcitabine can increase the sensitivity of tumor cells to NK cytotoxicity enhancing the expression of their ligands such as MHC class-I chain-related A and B (MICA and MICB) molecules [11].

Consequently, this case report may help to support the hypothesis that the effect of gemcitabine will be increased if it will combined with a type-1 innate immune cells activating evidence based and standardized immunomodulator (arabinoxylan concentrate (MGN-3/Biobran).

Material and Methods

Combination of gemcitabine plus nab-paclitaxel with standardized rice bran extract (BioBran/MGN-3)

The immunomodulatory drug used in the combinative treatment of the presented patient is BioBran/MGN-3 which is manufactured and supplied by Daiwa Pharmaceutical Co, Ltd, Tokyo, Japan. BioBran/MGN-3 is composed of denaturated hemicellulose, which is obtained from rice bran hemicellulose reacting with multiple carbohydrate-hydrolyzing enzyme from shiitake mushrooms. BioBran/MGN-3 is standardized for its main chemical component: arabinoxylan with a xylose (in its main chain) and with an arabinose polymer (in its side chain). To the presented patient BioBran/MGN-3 was given orally in doses of 45mg/kg three times a week and it was combined with eight cycles gemcitabine (1678 mg) and nab-paclitaxel (210 mg) on 1.- 8. -15. days of months.

Ethics committee

Ethics committee proposed to observe and publish case reports of own patients treated with standardized plant immunomodulators. The patient has given an informed consent to process and publish her dates. This case report may stimulate an interest for other research groups according to the opinion of the ethics committee.

Results

In a now 56 years old patient in January 2020 in caudal part of pancreas an inoperable ductal adenocarcinoma (39x46 mm) with multiplex liver metastases (10 – 30 mm) was established by CT and biopsy. His tumor markers were elevated: CA-19-9 was higher than 10 000 U / ml and the carcino-embryional antigen (CEA) level was 26.76 ng / ml. He had a deteriorating quality of life. He was in a nearly terminal state (having 27 kg decrease in body weight and intensive pains). From February 2020 until November 2020 he was treated with eight cycles gemcitabine (1678 mg) and nab-paclitaxel (210 mg) on 1.- 8. -15. days of months. This therapy was regularly combined with 45 mg / kg Biobran /MGN-3 given per oral three times a week. In April 2020 a remission of pancreas tumor (25 x 38 mm) and average 3-10 mm decreases in liver metastases were established by CT. At this time tumor markers are also decreased: CA 19-9 was 1172 U / ml and CEA 3.0 ng / ml. In August 2020 a complete remission of pancreas tumor was found and the liver metastases showed further 3 – 6 mm decreases.. The tumor marker were normalized (CA 19-9 was 22 U / ml and CEA was 2.0 ng / ml. Figure 2 and 3 demonstrate these results monitoring the tumor diameters and the CA 19-9 tumor marker. These remissions were in November 2020 also established. CA-19-9 was 14.5 U / ml. The patient has (after a therapy for 10 months) at the end of November 2020 no. any complaints and can work 100%.

Figure 2. Momitoring the greatest tumor diameters of a patient with pancreas ductal adenocarcinoma; Patient with PDAC were treated with eight cycles of gemcitabine and nab-paclitaxel combined with an evidence based immunomodulator (standardized rice bran arabinoxylan concentrate (MGN-3 / Biobran).

Figure 3. Monitoring of tumor marker of patient with PDAC; Patient with PDAC were treated with eight cycles of gemcitabine and nab-paclitaxel combined with an evidence based immunomodulator (standardized rice bran arabinoxylan concentrate (MGN-3 / Biobran).

Discussion

As it known the overall survival (OS) of metastatic pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma patients is very seldom longer than one year. Gemcitabine with nab-paclitaxel as a standard first line treatment is reporting improved median OS of 8.7 months compared with 6.6 months for gemcitabine alone [12-14]. Other authors did not found this difference in OS, but the progression free survival and the objective response rate were found to be improved [15]. There is now a general clinical opinion that in the treatment of metastatic PDAC with advanced stages of disease each sort of chemotherapy offers only very modest gain,

Presented case report may support an old hypothesis that immunotherapy can increase the effect of gemcitabine [10]. Therefore the results of Morisaki et al. are very exciting [11]. These authors investigated the effect of Gemcitabin on MICA and MICB expression in culture of T24 urothelial cancer cells. Gemcitabine given in 0.1 microgram/ml concentration was able to induce a more than twice increase in expression of these stress-related molecules on cancer cells. Interestingly higher doses (for example 1 microgram / ml) were less effective. Other authors have also established these results [12]. It was also shown that in presence of gemcitabine the NK sensitivity of T24 urothelial cancer cells with and without IL-2 was also elevated resulting in significant elevated NK function [11]. Present clinical case report can support these in vitro results and it is also in agreement with previous clinical case reports [9]. Figure 4 represents the possible explanation of the synergestic effect between gemcitabine and immunomodulator (MGN-3). This combination appears therefore to be important since gemcitabine given alone was found to diminish the NK activity because of its decreasing effect on IFN-gamma production which is necessary at least in part for the maintenance of the type-1 immune cell activity [2].

Figure 4. Combination of gemcitabine with an evidence based immunomodulator such as arabinoxylan concentrate (MGN-3/Biobran); The combination of gemcitabine with a standardized rice bran concentrate (Biobran) is therefore promising since gemcitabine enhances the NK sensitivity of tumor cells upregulating the stress related molecules (MICA and B) on cell surface of tumor cells which are the ligands of the most important killing activator receptors (NKG2D) on NK cells. If the NK cells are parallel also activated by Biobran /MGN-3 it may result’s in a synergistic effect

Pathogenic Associated Molecular Pattern (PAMP) molecules are the best candidates for a type-1 effectors activating immunomodulation. However, PAMP molecules exist only in the nature (bacteria or plants). The chemistry is not able to produce these configurations. Bacteria have toxic side effects but plants not. Unfortunately, the best evidence based and standardized immunodulators without any side effects are plant extracts and they are all over the world registered only as food supplements independent on that as to whether they are evidence based or not. There are growing evidences that plant PAMP-like molecules (such as standardized rice bran arabinoxylan concentrate) exhibit a lot of immunological [16-27] and clinical benefit [28-30]. For example, a randomized double blind clinical trial showed that the combination of arabinoxylan concentrate with chemotherapy enhanced six times the two years survival of liver cancer patients [28].

The research of evidence based immunomodulators has therefore a great clinical interest since protein kinase signaling pathway inhibitors such as Mitogen activated Extracellular signal regulation Kinase (MEK) can also enhance the expression of stress related molecules similar to gemcitabine [9,31]. It appears that growth factors stimulate the cell proliferation on the one hand and protect the cells against immune effectors (down regulating their stress related ligands). Consequently, similar to gemcitabine a combination of protein kinase signaling pathway inhibitors and the type-1 natural effector cells activating immunomodulators may also open new perspectives in the tumor therapy.

Disclosure Statement

The authors declare that there is no competing or other conflicting interest in relation to this paper.

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