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Abstract

In order to explore the association of 3 SNPs of LDLR gene with susceptibility to sudden deafness (SD), serum lipid parameters were compared in 139 SD patients and 139 healthy individuals. Genotyping of the 3 SNPs, allele and genotype frequencies were performed and compared. The association between allele frequency of 3 SNPs and susceptibility to SD in different models were analysed. Serum lipid parameters were compared in patients with different genotypes. The comparison of serum lipid levels showed higher triglycerides, total cholesterol, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels in patients compared to the controls. The frequencies of rs5929 T allele, rs2738464 G allele and rs1433099 T allele in SD group were higher than control group. We observed a statistically significant association of LDLR gene rs5929 T allele under dominant genetic model, rs2738464 G allele under additive and dominant genetic models, rs1433099 T allele under dominant genetic model with susceptibility to SD. There was no statistical difference in serum lipid levels of SD patients with different genotypes. Total cholesterol, triglycerides, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol may be risk factors in the pathogenesis of SD. rs5929 T allele, rs2738464 G allele and rs1433099 T allele may be risk factors for SD.

Key words

Sudden deafness (SD), Serum lipid, LDLR gene, Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP)

Introduction

Sudden sensorineural hearing loss (SD) is defined as a hearing loss in at least three contiguous test frequencies of 30dB occurring within 3 days [1] and is one of the most common acute diseases of the ENT. Even with positive and timely treatment, many patients remain affected with permanent hearing loss, tinnitus, and other sequela that cause great suffering. While the etiology and pathogenesis remain to be elucidated, current research has subsequently focused on exploring polymorphisms in genes that are important for normal microcirculation. Indeed, genetic susceptibility to SD occurs in individuals with mutations in genes critical for microcirculation. This subsequently affects the inner ear microcirculation which is related to the incidence of SD. Mutations in genes encoding for methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase, prothrombin, and platelet glycoprotein are found in patients with microcirculation disorder and thus are genes of interest in understanding the basis of SD [2].

Several pieces of evidence suggest that abnormal lipid metabolism increases the risk of sudden sensorineural hearing loss [3,4], Polymorphisms localized in the exons of low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) gene may have a significant impact on lipid metabolism by changing in the expression or stability of LDLR [5,6]. There has been no report on of the association of LDLR gene polymorphisms with susceptibility to SD. Thus, in our study we compared 3 SNPs gene polymorphisms of LDLR gene of 139 cases of patients of SD with 139 normal hearing volunteers.

The incidence of SD is estimated at 5-20/10,000 individuals per year^[4], so it is necessary to unravel the origins of SD. Exploring the relationship between LDLR polymorphisms and susceptibility to SD may help identify SD susceptible populations and provide new methods for the prevention and diagnosis of SD.

Methods

Statement

All methods in this paper were performed in accordance with the relevant guidelines and regulations of the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University.

Informed consent has been obtained from a parent and/or legal guardian, for research involving human participants under the age of 18 years (including donors of tissue samples).

Informed consent has been obtained from adults themselves for research involving human participants (including donors of tissue samples).

Participants

SD group: 139 patients with SD visited the Department of Otolaryngology of the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, from March 2013 to May 2014, included 70 males and 69 females, aged 17 to 72 years, mean 45.1 ± 14.2 years. All cases in this study were taken within the first 7 days of SD onset and provided initial treatment. Patients were selected by their relevant medical history and clinical examination to exclude hypertension, diabetes, coronary heart disease, kidney disease, cancer, familial hyperlipidemia, obesity, by pure tone threshold and imaging examination to exclude otitis media, acoustic neuroma. Control group: The 139 individuals included 66 males and 73 females, aged 16 to 80 years, mean 45.3 ± 14.3 years, visited the Medical Center of the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University during the same time without hypertension, diabetes, coronary heart disease, kidney disease, cancer, familial hyperlipidemia, obesity and indicated no signs of ear disease (pure tone threshold to determine the normal hearing). All subjects were of Han nationality, Shaanxi province and unrelated; The age and sex characteristics were matched between the two groups. All samples were collected in line with "informed consent and informed choice" principle of medical ethics. This study was approved by the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University Ethics Committee.

Reagents and methods

All subjects had 5 ml of venous blood drawn under fasting conditions (in the morning) without receiving any steroids treatment. 3 ml of blood was placed in anti-coagulant tubes, and centrifugalized at 4℃, 3000 r /min for 15 minutes to prepare serum lipid levels test. Serum lipid parameters were tested on the Hitachi LABOSPECT008 automatic biochemical analyser: enzymatic method was used for detection of total cholesterol and triglycerides levels, ELISA method was used for detection of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels, and projected immune turbidimetry was used for detection of apolipoprotein A1 and apolipoprotein B levels. 2 ml of blood was placed in EDTA anticoagulant tubes, and frozen at -80℃ to prepare genomic DNA extractions. Whole blood DNA of small E.Z.N.A. quantity extraction kit (E.Z.N.A. Blood DNA kit II, the United States OMEGA) was used to extract 278 copies of sample DNA. First, 1μl of DNA sample was used to run on a 1% agarose gel through electrophoresis to estimate the concentration and inspect quality. Then DNA concentration was estimated according to the brightness of the image forming bands of ultraviolet imager. The samples were diluted to working concentration (5-10ng/μl), iMLDR technology was applied to genotyping SNP loci.

SNP Selection and Genotyping

Three tSNPs were selected from the HapMap Project (International HapMap Consortium) using the following criteria: (1) a minor allele frequency ≥20% in the Han Chinese population and (2) heterozygosity >10% in Chinese Han population. The three tSNPs included rs5929 at exon 13 in LDLR gene, rs2738464 and rs1433099 at 3’ untranslated region in LDLR gene.

Results

Table 1 shows the comparison of serum lipid levels between the patients and the controls. The SD patients were with higher triglycerides, total cholesterol, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels compared to the controls (P<0.05; P<0.01; P<0.01, respectively).

Table 1. The comparison of serum lipid levels between the patients and the controls.

	Normal value	Case (n=139)	Control (n=139)	t value	p value
TG (mmol/L)	0.5-1.7	1.451 ± 0.890	1.259 ± 0.410	2.311	0.022*
TC (mmol/L)	3.3-5.8	4.923 ± 1.118	4.412 ± 0.741	4.479	<0.01**
HDL-C (mmol/L)	0.8-1.8	1.302 ± 0.331	1.331 ± 0.219	-0.865	0.388
LDL-C (mmol/L)	2.3-3.3	3.069 ± 0.858	2.794 ± 0.668	2.988	0.003**
ApoA1 (g/L)	1.00-1.70	1.422 ± 0.266	1.432 ± 0.208	-0.351	0.726
ApoB (g/L)	0.60-1.10	0.723 ± 0.175	0.703 ± 0.175	0.955	0.341

TG: triglycerides; TC: total cholesterol; HDL-C: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; ApoA1: apolipoprotein A1; ApoB: apolipoprotein B; *P <0.05, ** P <0.01 was considered statistically significant.

LDLR gene Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium test

Table 2 shows the genotype results of entire samples were imported directly into GeneMapper 4.1 software for analysis. 3 SNPs loci were in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (P>0.05), and this study showed that selected samples had group representation.

Table 2. The results of association of LDLR gene SNP genotype and allele gene frequencies with SSHL between SSHL group and control group. P^a represented Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium in control group, P^b represented the difference of genotype frequency, P^c represented the difference of the allele gene frequency, using Bonferroni-Holm correction, *P <0.05, ** P <0.01 was considered statistically significant.

Statistical analysis of 3 SNPs of LDLR gene

Table 2 shows the comparison of 3 SNPs of SD group and control group in allele frequency. In SD group, the frequency of LDLR gene rs5929 (Exon10) T allele (P = 0.022 <0.05, OR = 1.529, 95% CI = 1.063-2.198), rs2738464 (Exon18) G allele (P = 0.016 <0.05, OR = 1.572, 95 % CI = 1.088-2.272) and rs1433099 (Exon18) T allele (P = 0.015 <0.05, OR = 1.578, 95% CI = 1.090-2.283) were significantly higher than control group.

Table 3 shows the results of 3 SNPs associated with SD between SD group and control group in three gene models. LDLR gene rs5929 T allele in a dominant genetic model was associated with susceptibility to SD (P = 0.031 <0.05), rs2738464 G allele in an additive genetic model was associated with susceptibility to SD (P = 0.007 <0.05), rs1433099 T allele in a dominant model was associated with susceptibility to SD. (P=0.023 <0.05).

Table 3. The results of association of LDLR gene SNPs with SSHL under three gene models. P^d represented the difference of allele gene frequency in dominant model, P^e represented the difference of allele gene frequency in additive model, P^f represented the difference of allele gene frequency in recessive model, using Bonferroni-Holm correction, *P<0.05, **P<0.01 represented the differences were statistically significant.

Number	SNP	Group	Genotype (n, %)			Pd	Pe	Pf
1	rs5929		TT	CT	CC	0.031*	0.081	0.182
		SSHL	19(13.7)	60(43.2)	60 (43.2)
		Control	12 (8.6)	49(35.3)	78 (56.1)
2	rs2738464		GG	CG	CC	0.003*	0.007*	0.844
		SSHL	15(10.8)	65(46.8)	59 (42.4)
		Control	14(10.1)	41(29.5)	84 (60.4)
3	rs1433099		TT	CT	CC	0.023*	0.059	0.156
		SSHL	17(12.2)	60(43.2)	62 (44.6)
		Control	10(7.2)	48(34.5)	81 (58.3)

The comparison of serum lipid parameters in patients with different genotypes

Tables 4-6 shows serum lipid parameters were compared in 139 patients with different genotypes of rs2738464, rs1433099 and rs5929. We found there was no statistical difference in serum lipid levels of SD patients with different genotypes.

Table 4. The comparison of serum lipid parameters in patients with different genotype of rs5929. P <0.05 was considered statistically significant.

	CC	n	CT	n	TT	n	P
TG	1.499±0.903	60	1.438 ± 0.933	60	1.338 ± 0.724	19	0.785
TC	5.026±1.152	60	4.908 ± 1.150	60	4.637 ± 0.880	19	0.416
HDL-C	1.27(1.033-1.513)	60	1.305(1.038-1.51)	60	1.29(1.1-1.47)	19	0.881
LDL-C	3.202±0.933	60	2.989 ± 0.806	60	2.906 ± 0.743	19	0.269
APOA1	1.399±0.277	60	1.43 ± 0.269	60	1.469 ± 0.227	19	0.575
APOB	0.705(0.58-0.84)	60	0.665(0.61-0.8)	60	0.71(0.58-0.83)	19	0.887

Table 5. The comparison of serum lipid parameters in patients with different genotypes of rs2738464. P <0.05 was considered statistically significant.

	CC	n	CG	n	GG	n	P
TG	1.495 ± 0.893	59	1.249 ± 0.935	65	1.249 ± 0.935	15	0.633
TC	4.887 ± 1.064	59	4.835 ± 1.005	65	4.835 ± 1.005	15	0.869
HDL-C	1.301 ± 0.325	59	1.405 ± 0.315	65	1.405 ± 0.315	15	0.421
LDL-C	3.064 ± 0.880	59	2.871 ± 0.759	65	2.871 ± 0.759	15	0.601
APOA1	1.404 ± 0.244	59	1.56 ± 0.322	65	1.56 ± 0.322	15	0.103
APOB	0.67(0.6-0.85)	59	0.68(0.585-0.8)	65	0.76（0.65-0.81）	15	0.558

Table 6. The comparison of serum lipid parameters in patients with different genotypes of rs1433099. P <0.05 was considered statistically significant.

	CC	n	CT	n	TT	n	P
TG	1.540 ± 0.945	62	1.406 ± 0.807	60	1.281 ± 0.974	17	0.500
TC	4.860 ± 1.096	62	4.994 ± 1.174	60	4.894 ± 1.041	17	0.803
HDL-C	1.275 ± 0.323	62	1.294 ± 0.347	60	1.43 ± 0.287	17	0.227
LDL-C	3.065 ± 0.901	62	3.116 ± 0.838	60	2.921 ± 0.795	17	0.712
APOA1	1.388 ± 0.235	62	1.418 ± 0.274	60	1.562 ± 0.315	17	0.055
APOB	0.65(0.578-0.82)	62	0.69(0.61-0.8)	60	0.78(0.655-0.845)	17	0.314

Statistical analyses

Serum lipid parameters were analysed using independent t tests, and the results are presented as means ± SD (Standard Deviation). GENEPOP v4.0 software was used to genotype Hardy-Weinberg test for SD group and control group; The software SPSS18.0 computed allele and genotype frequency for the two groups. Pearson's chi-square test indicated different alleles and genotype frequency distribution between the two groups as well as the association of alleles with susceptibility to SD among different gene models. Nonlinear logistic regression analysis was used to calculate the OR (odds ratios) and 95% CI (95% confidence intervals); All data with P<0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Discussion and conclusion

SD features have similarities to acute ischemic diseases especially in treatment and principles. This is because features in both cases are usually sudden onset and have rapid progression. Moreover, better prognosis of treatment in the acute phase and healing of SD also resembles ischemic disease. Some scholars believe that lipid metabolism disorders are risk factors for SD and coronary heart disease [7]. The pathogenesis of vascular risk factors was also similar: for example, coronary artery embolization is the main artery embolism affecting myocardial blood supply, and SD is microvascular embolism, affecting the inner ear blood supply [7]. Tagaya reported that patients with SD were similar with acute ischemic events in their magnetic resonance imaging, such as myocardial infarction and cerebral vascular accident [8]. Chien found that phosphodiesterase 4D gene polymorphism was not only associated with ischemic stroke, but also increased women's susceptibility to SD [9]. Numerous studies confirmed that polymorphisms within IL-6, methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase, prothrombin, and Factor V Leiden genes are related to coronary heart disease and SD. To a certain extent, these gene polymorphisms may also determine the susceptibility to SD.

LDLR as a candidate gene for coronary heart disease has been studied extensively. As a result, in this study we choose LDLR as a candidate gene for research of susceptibility to SD. LDLR gene is located on the short arm of human chromosome 19 terminal (ie 19p13.3) and is composed of 18 exons and 17 introns, a total length of 45 Kb. LDLR polymorphisms are thought to affect the activity of the LDLR protein by altering its structure and subsequent function [10]. LDLR plays an important role in lipid metabolism and can be identified and combined with cholesterol specifically via apolipoprotein E and apolipoprotein B_100, which decompose into bile acids, steroid, and vitamin D3 after being swallowed. 2/3 of normal human plasma low-density lipoprotein (LDL) is degraded in the LDL-R pathway, which can clear 65% -70% of LDL. Under long-term high cholesterol, macrophages are induced to swallow excess LDL and absorb the LDL cholesterol, causing cholesterol to be deposited in the phagocytic cells and become "foam" cells [11]. Low density lipoprotein of oxidative modification (OX-LDL) and cholesterol will affect the structure and function of artery intima. Some studies have shown that LDLR polymorphisms play a key role in regulating body's cholesterol and triglycerides (TG) concentrations [12]. Through many articles and reviews, Ashavaid found that LDLR gene polymorphism is closely related to lipid metabolism which has a strong correlation to early atherosclerosis plaque formation [13]. The blood supply of the inner ear is from the anterior inferior cerebellar artery, which is a terminal artery and has no collateral circulation. If some changes in blood lipid factors occur in the inner ear, dysfunction in microcirculation of cochlea and vestibular can easily occur. Blood lipid metabolism is closely linked to blood rheology and vascular disease. Lipids attached to the surface of the red blood cells and platelets, can reduce the ability of red blood cells to carry charges, enhancing the viscosity between cells and increase blood viscosity consequently slowing blood flow. An increase in cholesterol in the blood cell membrane components promotes cell sclerosis, weakens its ability to carry oxygen, and causes deformation, leading to hypoxia injury of capillary endothelial cell in inner ear. Triglyceride metabolites can damage the vascular endothelial cells directly, promote micro-thrombosis, reduce blood supply in the inner ear, and result in the onset of SD [14]. Chang et al. [15], found that SD of subjects with high cholesterol was 1.62 times than normal lipid objects, Cox proportional risk-adjusted return ratio of 1.6 (95% CI = 1.39 -1.85) by a retrospective cohort study. As a result, high cholesterol was considered a risk factor for the onset of SD and focus on hearing changes of objects with high cholesterol in clinical practice. X. Zhang found that there were 20.4% SD patients with hypertension, coronary artery disease, or diabetes, and 49.6% patients with hyperlipidemia [16]. When Chinchillas were fed a high cholesterol diet, visible lipid deposits in the edge layer of cochlear stria and outer hair cell histology, suggesting that high cholesterol can reduce cochlear blood vessels and cause hearing loss [17]. It was shown that lipid fluidity and sturdiness of the outer hair cells in the cochlea membrane are associated with cochlear potential amplification [18]. High cholesterol not only affects the blood supply to the inner ear, but also destroys the structure of outer hair cell, as result of affecting its activity.

This study is the first large-sample case-control association analysis study about the relationship between LDLR gene polymorphism with SD. SNP genotyping methods chose fluorescent multiplex ligase reaction (iMLDR) technology to ensure high accuracy and detection efficiency. It established dominance, additive, and recessive genetic models to analyze the association between the LDLR gene polymorphisms and SD, thus reducing false positive rates in case and control groups of genotype and allele frequencies results. By evaluating the relationship of 3 SNPs loci of LDLR gene and SD, the study found the frequencies of LDLR gene rs5929 T allele, rs2738464 locus G allele, rs1433099 T allele of SD group were significantly higher in the control group, and non-conditional logistic regression analysis showed that LDLR gene rs5929 T allele, rs2738464 locus G allele, rs1433099 T allele may be risk factor for onset of SD. Scholars have found that the rs1433099 polymorphism associated with cerebral infarction and T allele of this locus may increase the risk of cerebral infarction [19]. Our study is the first to discover the correlation between this site and SD and reflect the similar pathogenesis of SD and acute ischemic disease; rs5929 located in 13th exon of LDLR gene. By consideration of the relation of LDLR gene structure and function, the 7-14th exon is the second protein domain of encoding LDLR, EGF precursor homology domain, and it plays an important role in the fixed membrane protein, receptor binding ligand, the solution receptor of ligands in the lysosome, receptor synthesis and recycling. This region of SNP polymorphisms may affect LDLR activity or structure and will not only result in the reduced cholesterol and LDLR binding and intracellular swallow decomposition, but also increases the level of serum total cholesterol, one risk factor of SD [20]. The rs2738464 located in the 3'UTR region of LDLR gene. It belongs to transcriptional regulation which affects the stability of LDLR expression and protein synthesis structure, thereby affecting LDL via LDLR degradation pathway. Excessive plasma LDL was modified by oxidation to form OX-LDL. OX-LDL could cause sudden hearing loss by affecting the structure and function of the arterial intima and forming thrombosis in the microcirculation [21]. These positive SNPs loci are different from the existing positive SNPs loci of the LDLR gene which are associated with coronary heart disease, due to different pathogenesis of two diseases and the selection of the target population, or other factors. Therefore, individuals carrying these three alleles may be high-risk groups of SD. In this study, no association is found between serum lipid levels and different genotypes in rs5929､rs2738464 and rs1433099 loci for SD patients. It may be caused by the limited sample number and the sample imbalance on gender and age. In the future research, we need to increase the sample number and then explore the correlation between LDLR genotype and blood lipid level.

In this study, all subjects were from Han nationality, Shaanxi population, only representative of Han nationality of the northern population, indicating a need to extend the study to different regions, different ethnic groups, and the choice of a larger sample size for verification.

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