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Developmental and health content in popular parenting publications

Cadorett V

Research Assistant, Department of Public Health, William Paterson University, USA

MacLean SA

Research Assistant, Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, USA

Basch CH

Associate Professor, Department of Public Health, William Paterson University, USA

Kollia B

Professor, Department of Communication Disorders and Sciences, William Paterson University, USA

DOI: 10.15761/FWH.1000127

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Abstract

Parenting magazines are an important source of health information for women, mothers, and guardians. The purpose of this study was to examine the types of health articles featured from 2010 through 2015 in the popular magazine Parents, which is ubiquitous in almost all waiting areas in pediatric offices. Mostly mothers of young children read this publication and it contains short, easy to read articles on developmental milestones, advice for parenting challenges faced during the school years, and parenting guidance on behavioral matters. All articles included in the Table of Contents of each magazine were considered. Health-related categories were created and a dichotomous coding scheme (yes/no) was used to determine if the information was present in the article. The categories included: behavior and development; cognitive development; emotional health; infections and hygiene; allergies, eczema, and asthma; eye health; teeth and dental care; breast milk and formula; gastrointestinal issues; nutrition; weight and exercise; vaccines; medications; sun exposure and skin health; chronic disease; cancer; sleep; reproduction; chemical exposure; injury and safety; pregnancy; electronics; emergencies; alternative and home remedies; smoking; and violence. 24.6% of the articles in Parents were about health. The most common health article theme was behavior and development (191 total articles) followed by injury and safety (80 articles) and infections and hygiene (43 articles). Although Parents is shedding light on a plethora of important health topics that many moms are concerned about, magazines typically are not a reliable source to obtain health information. Further research is needed to determine the extent to which articles published within parenting magazines are truly reliable and if readers trust the health information put forth in these magazines.

Key words

articles, editorials, magazines, mothers, parents, women

Introduction

Parenting magazines are an important source of health information for women, mothers, and guardians. Mass media, including print magazines, play a role in supporting and teaching parents [1]. In a nationally representative sample, 60% of first time parents and 62% of parents of children ages birth to eight months old turned to parenting magazines at least once a month for parenting advice [2]. Additionally, nearly half of parents reported that the parenting information from magazines has a major (9%) or moderate (37%) influence on their parenting approach [2].

Parenting magazines often contain advertisements for children’s products, such as toys,3 foods and beverages,4 infant formulas, toothpastes, children’s vitamins, and skin products [5-10]. Health professionals have scrutinized these products and their findings indicate that these products are not always safe, healthy, or promoting valid educational messages to women and parents. For example, Basch et al. [11] looked at the images of children in Parents and recorded that 88.3% of the 11,018 children pictured in the magazines were sedentary. Pitt et al. [12] found that 1 in every 6 advertisements in parenting magazines contained messages that were not consistent with recommendations by the American Academy of Pediatrics and 58.6% of these inconsistencies were potentially life threatening. Chen et al. [13] found that 90% of the advertisements for infant and toddler food products made nutritional or health claims in popular Taiwanese pregnancy and early pregnancy magazines. Nutritional or health claims may be a way to entice parents to purchase a product. When mothers were exposed to baby formula advertisements, they were less likely to start breastfeeding and, if they did, they were influenced to breastfeed for a shorter period of time [13].

The media can play an important role in disseminating health information to women [14]. Consumers seek health information from multiple media sources including television, the Internet, books, and magazines [15]. However, this information may not always be reliable as journalists may misinterpret scientific findings [16]. Healthcare professionals are the most valid source for health information; if not readily available, individuals tend to consult magazines, the Internet, family, and other sources for information. By knowing where their patients get information, health professionals could optimize care and compliance with health objectives [15].

The purpose of this study was to examine the types of health articles featured over six years (2010 through 2015) in the popular magazine Parents, which is ubiquitous in the waiting rooms at pediatric offices. Mostly mothers of young children read this publication and it contains short, easy to read articles on developmental milestones, advice for parenting challenges faced during the school years, and parenting guidance on behavioral matters. To our knowledge, this is the first study looking at the types of health articles in Parents.

Materials and methods

According to the 2017 Media Kit for Parents, current readership is 13.7 million, with 2.5 million Twitter followers, and 1.5 million “likes” on Facebook [17]. Furthermore, 11,677,000 of the readers are women with a median age of 35.7 years [18]. Only 30% of the female readers have completed a college degree and only 55% of female readers have a household income greater than $50,000 [18]. Given Parents documented popularity, this magazine was the focus of our study. The sample consisted of 72 issues of Parents over a 6-year period: January 2010 to December 2015. A coding sheet was adapted from our previous study aimed to gather and categorize information related to magazine content. This study was a subsidiary of a larger project, which focused on magazine advertising [3]. This study, however, focused on article content. All articles included in the Table of Contents of each magazine were considered. Certain sections, which appeared in the Table of Contents on a monthly basis, were not included in this study. These sections were: Letters to the Editor, Mom to Mom, Meet Our Advisors, Parents to Parents, Parents’ Last Laugh, and Recipes at a Glance.

Coding was completed by one coder (V.C.). The first step in the coding process was to determine the total number of pages in the magazine. Next, the coder counted how many articles were in each issue by looking at the Table of Contents. The coder then recorded how many of the articles were health-related. Finally, the coder read each article to determine the health topic(s) being presented. The month and year of each magazine was recorded. Health-related categories were created and a dichotomous coding scheme (yes/no) was used to determine if the information was present in the article. The categories were as follows: behavior and development (e.g., ADHD, autism); cognitive development; emotional health; infections and hygiene; allergies, eczema, and asthma; eye health; teeth and dental care; breast milk and formula; gastrointestinal issues; nutrition; weight and exercise; vaccines; medications; sun exposure and skin health; chronic disease (e.g., diabetes, heart disease); cancer; sleep; reproduction (e.g., sexual health, puberty); chemical exposure; injury and safety (e.g., preventing physical injury, product recalls); pregnancy (e.g., risks, symptoms); electronics (e.g., television, screen time); emergencies (e.g., preparedness, symptoms of conditions needing urgent care); alternative and home remedies; smoking; and violence. Articles with multiple health themes were coded in all applicable categories. For example, if an article referred to both autism and nutritional advice, such as a gluten free diet, it was coded for both categories.

Magazine issues were grouped by year (Table 1) and by month (Table 2) of publication. For each group, we found the total number of articles containing each theme. We used SPSS (version 23) to perform all statistical tests. We compared these groups using one-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) tests. These analyses were based on the mean number of articles containing the theme of interest in the issues of each group. We considered results with p<0.05 to be significant. Ethics approval was not required as the Institutional Review Board at William Paterson University does not review studies that do not involve human subjects.

Table 1. Themes of articles by year of publication

 

 

Year of Publication

 

 

Total

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

p*

Total pages

13134

2502

2315

2113

2393

1965

1846

 

Average pages per issue

182.4

208.5

192.9

176.1

199.4

163.8

153.8

0.026

Number of articles

2185

418

386

387

373

318

303

 

Average articles per issue

30.3

34.8

32.2

32.3

31.1

26.5

25.3

<0.001

Number of health articles

538

61

87

104

109

100

77

 

Average health articles per issue

7.5

5.1

7.3

8.7

9.1

8.3

6.4

<0.001

Article Themes

Behavior & Development

191

22

31

40

33

37

28

0.212

Injury & Safety

80

11

13

18

16

15

7

0.010

Nutrition

57

10

2

14

10

11

10

0.035

Infections & Hygiene

43

9

7

8

7

5

7

0.832

Allergies, Eczema & Asthma

34

4

7

7

6

6

4

0.787

Sleep

34

3

6

3

10

8

4

0.345

Emotional Health

32

2

4

4

12

8

2

0.053

Reproduction

31

5

2

3

4

7

10

0.128

Weight & Exercise

27

5

6

6

0

6

4

0.115

Teeth & Dentistry

24

3

6

5

5

3

2

0.599

Breastmilk & Formula

23

5

2

2

5

5

4

0.697

Cognitive Development

20

0

1

0

2

7

10

0.003

Medications

18

0

4

1

8

1

4

0.030

Sun Exposure & Skin Health

17

2

4

3

5

2

1

0.586

Vaccines

16

1

3

2

3

2

5

0.425

Pregnancy

16

2

4

4

3

2

1

0.669

Electronics

13

0

0

2

5

3

3

0.015

Chemical Exposure

13

3

2

0

2

3

3

0.618

Emergencies

11

1

3

2

2

3

0

0.518

Gastrointestinal Issues

9

1

1

1

1

3

2

0.768

Chronic Diseases

9

0

0

3

2

2

2

0.308

Cancer

8

0

1

2

2

2

1

0.741

Eye Health

6

2

1

1

0

1

1

0.825

Alternative & Home Remedies

6

1

1

1

1

2

0

0.910

Smoking

5

2

1

1

1

0

0

0.619

Violence

2

0

0

1

0

1

0

0.514

*One-way ANOVA of mean number of articles; numbers in bold are significant (p<0.05)

Table 2. Themes of articles by month of publication

 

 

Month of Publication

 

Total

Jan.

Feb.

Mar.

Apr.

May

Jun.

Jul.

Aug.

Sept.

Oct.

Nov.

Dec.

p*

Total pages

13134

616

786

1039

1080

1184

1083

1012

1150

1519

1238

1275

1152

 

Average pages per issue

182.4

102.7

131

173.2

180

197.3

180.5

168.7

191.7

253.2

206.3

212.5

192

<0.001

Total number of articles

2185

130

150

192

182

193

186

176

198

231

189

190

168

 

Average articles per issue

30.3

21.7

25

32

30.3

32.2

31

29.3

33

38.5

31.5

31.7

28

<0.001

Total number of health articles

538

35

28

42

50

51

49

41

45

53

41

47

56

 

Average health articles per issue

7.5

5.8

4.7

7.0

8.3

8.5

8.2

6.8

7.5

8.8

6.8

7.8

9.3

0.010

ArticleThemes

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Behavior & Development

191

14

10

15

22

16

19

17

13

14

15

14

22

0.652

Injury & Safety

80

3

4

6

6

8

9

6

5

9

9

7

8

0.127

Nutrition

57

1

2

9

5

4

4

5

2

7

5

6

7

0.145

Infections & Hygiene

43

3

2

4

4

4

3

2

3

3

5

3

7

0.700

Allergies, Eczema & Asthma

34

1

1

2

5

5

1

1

1

4

5

2

6

0.032

Sleep

34

3

0

6

2

2

0

4

3

2

3

5

4

0.392

Emotional Health

32

3

4

1

2

2

2

1

5

4

0

3

5

0.649

Reproduction

31

0

2

1

2

1

3

2

5

4

3

3

5

0.481

Weight & Exercise

27

1

2

3

4

1

4

2

2

3

1

2

2

0.828

Teeth & Dentistry

24

3

2

0

3

3

1

2

0

4

2

2

2

0.602

Breast milk & Formula

23

1

0

3

0

3

3

1

3

1

3

2

3

0.427

Cognitive Development

20

1

2

1

2

1

5

0

0

3

4

0

1

0.444

Medications

18

2

1

1

2

1

0

1

1

1

3

4

1

0.750

Sun Exposure & Skin Health

17

0

1

1

0

2

6

1

2

2

0

1

1

0.009

Vaccines

16

1

0

1

0

4

1

2

2

0

1

3

1

0.248

Pregnancy

16

1

1

1

2

0

2

0

2

2

2

3

0

0.537

Electronics

13

2

1

1

0

1

2

1

1

0

2

0

2

0.768

Chemical Exposure

13

1

2

1

1

2

0

1

3

1

1

0

0

0.560

Emergencies

11

1

0

1

1

0

1

2

2

2

0

0

1

0.806

Gastrointestinal Issues

9

0

1

1

1

1

1

0

0

1

1

1

1

0.989

Chronic Diseases

9

0

1

1

3

0

0

1

2

0

0

1

0

0.151

Cancer

8

1

0

0

0

1

1

0

1

0

2

0

2

0.449

Eye Health

6

1

0

0

1

0

0

1

1

1

0

0

1

0.864

Alternative & Home Remedies

6

1

1

1

1

0

0

0

0

2

0

0

0

0.750

Smoking

5

0

1

1

0

0

0

0

1

0

0

2

0

0.330

Violence

2

0

1

0

0

1

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0.537

*One-way ANOVA of mean number of article; numbers in bold are significant (p<0.05)

Results

Number and length of articles

A total of 2,185 articles in the 72 magazine issues were analyzed, for an average of 30.3 articles per issue. Compared to those from earlier years, issues published in 2014 and 2015 had significantly fewer pages per issue (p=0.026) and significantly fewer articles per issue (p<0.001). Issue lengths decreased from 208.5 pages per issue in 2010 to 153.8 pages per issue in 2015. Issues published in January and February were shorter (p<0.001) and had fewer articles per issue (p<0.001) on average when compared to issues published in other months. Of the 2,185 articles, 24.6% (538 articles) were related to health. On average, there were 7.5 health articles per issue. The highest number of health articles was published in 2012 (104 total health articles) and 2013 (109 total health articles) (p<0.001).

Content of published articles

The most common health article theme was behavior and development (191 total articles), including identifying normal child behaviors and developmental disorders. The next most common theme was injury and safety (80 articles). This included product recalls and measures to prevent physical injury. There were 43 health articles regarding infections and hygiene, such as symptoms of the common cold and ways to prevent it. Health articles related to nutrition (57 articles) and weight loss/exercise (27 articles) were also common.

Regarding trends in the appearance of specific heath content by year, notably more health articles about injury and safety were published in 2012 and 2013 than in other years (p=0.010). The number of health articles about nutrition also peaked during 2012 (14 articles, p=0.035). While there were no health articles about the use of electronics in 2010 or 2011, there were at least three published each year from 2013 to 2015 (p=0.015). Health articles regarding medications for children peaked in frequency in 2013 (p=0.030). Health articles related to cognitive development were significantly (p=0.003) more common in 2014 and 2015 than in previous years. Analyses of content type by month of publication, indicated that the only significant difference was that more health articles about sun exposure and skin health were published in the month of June (p=0.009).

Discussion and conclusions

Our study found that nearly 25% of the articles published in Parents in the past 6 years were about health. Although Parents is shedding light on a plethora of important health topics that many moms are concerned about, magazines typically are not a reliable source to obtain health information. Reynolds & LoRusso (2016) [16] looked at the sources of health information in women’s fitness magazines and found that the most common source of information was from clinical and professional experts, followed by multiple sources used in a single article, including celebrities, research studies, real people, and the editorial team.

The decline in magazine pages and articles in 2014 and 2015 may be related to the decline in Parents’ print advertising and an increase in online advertising, as the world is shifting to being predominantly technology based [19].

Articles about skin health and safety occurred mostly in the summer month of June. This is not surprising since women and children spend more time outside in the warmer weather, and therefore, such articles address parents’ seasonal concerns. This also allows for timely advertising of relevant products, and possibly product placement. 

Behavior and development was the most popular type of health article identified in our study. According to one study analyzing woman’s magazines in Canada, articles about managing children’s behavior was more prominent in 1990-2010, than in 1945-1956 [20]. ADHD is not well understood by the lay public and the prevalence of ADHD in the United States is high, with one study reporting 9.7% among US children [21,22]. Magazines may see this as an opportunity to attract readers and to publish articles on an issue that many parents do not fully understand. It is nonetheless encouraging that child behavior and development were widely covered, with information on recognizing signs of developmental disorders. Early Intervention (EI) for developmental communication disorders is considered crucial to optimizing the effects of interventions and articles on the matter are informing traditional medical practice [23]. In that sense, the readers may be sensitized to recognize possible atypical behavioral/communication symptoms in their children and seek the necessary professional assistance. While it is not clear whether these articles are factually correct, and if readers should make health-related decisions based solely on their content, the mere mention of these issues raises public awareness and, as such, is generally a positive event.

Certainly, content needs to be carefully reviewed before determinations on validity can be made with any degree of confidence. Wilson et al. [24] examined 163 articles in Australian magazines that purported to offer advice on health matters and found that only about half of them provided evidence-based advice to their readership. Unfortunately, the publications that included the word “health” in their title had the least reliable information [24].

This is not the first time that the quality of health information content in popular magazines is being examined. The error rate is only slightly better than it was 25 years ago, when Gunderson-Warner et al., [25] analyzed the content of 56 articles in 10 magazines and determined that 55% of them were deceptive [25]. The specific health information studied was exposure to teratogenic effects during pregnancy. While 46% of the articles were “alarming,” only 25% of them recommended that readers direct their concerns to their healthcare providers [25].  

Further research is needed to determine the extent to which articles published within parenting magazines are truly reliable and if readers trust the health information put forth in these magazines. It is essential that healthcare advice in parenting magazines be accurate for three reasons. First, access and quality of healthcare are dependent on Socio-Economic Status (SES) and gender [26]. Mothers of lower SES may rely more on what they read in magazines than their higher SES counterparts. Second, the advice in parenting magazines can affect the entire family in important ways, such as delaying the provision of necessary services for developmental problems. Third, the female readers of Parents may lack the skills and knowledge necessary to identify reliable sources of health information, as only 30% of the female readers of Parents have completed a college degree [18]. Parents are encouraged to speak to their own doctor and their child’s pediatrician about their health concerns rather than relying solely on mass media. 

References

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  10. Basch CH, Hillyer GC, Basch CE (2013) Descriptive analysis of articles and advertisements pertaining to skin care and skin cancer prevention in two popular parenting magazines, 2000-2010. Preventing Chronic Disease 4: E48. [Crossref]
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  17. Meredith Corporation (2017) Brand footprint.
  18. Meredith Corporation (2017) Parents media kit.
  19. Sumner D (2012) American magazine winners and losers: 2001 to 2010. Journal of Magazine & New Media Research 13(2): 1-11.
  20. Clarke J (2015) Advice to mothers about managing children's behaviours in Canada's premier woman's magazine: a comparison of 1945-1956 with 1990-2010. Child & Family Social Work 20: 310-321.
  21. Jensen PS (2000) Current concepts and controversies in the diagnosis and treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Current Psychiatry Reports 2: 102-109.  [Crossref]
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  25. Gunderson-Warner S, Martinez LP, Martinez IP, Carey JC, Kochenour NK, et al. (1990) Critical review of articles regarding pregnancy exposures in popular magazines. Teratology 42: 469-472. [Crossref]
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Editorial Information

Editor-in-Chief

Article Type

Research Article

Publication history

Received date: February 16, 2017
Accepted date: March 13, 2017
Published date: March 16, 2017

Copyright

© 2017 Cadorett V. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

Citation

Cadorett V, MacLean S, Basch CH, Kollia B (2017) Developmental and health content in popular parenting publications. Front Womens Health 2: DOI: 10.15761/FWH.1000127

Corresponding author

Valerie Cadorett

Research Assistant, Department of Public Health, William Paterson University, University Hall 366, Wayne, NJ 07470, USA, Tel: 973-720-2603,

Table 1. Themes of articles by year of publication

 

 

Year of Publication

 

 

Total

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

p*

Total pages

13134

2502

2315

2113

2393

1965

1846

 

Average pages per issue

182.4

208.5

192.9

176.1

199.4

163.8

153.8

0.026

Number of articles

2185

418

386

387

373

318

303

 

Average articles per issue

30.3

34.8

32.2

32.3

31.1

26.5

25.3

<0.001

Number of health articles

538

61

87

104

109

100

77

 

Average health articles per issue

7.5

5.1

7.3

8.7

9.1

8.3

6.4

<0.001

Article Themes

Behavior & Development

191

22

31

40

33

37

28

0.212

Injury & Safety

80

11

13

18

16

15

7

0.010

Nutrition

57

10

2

14

10

11

10

0.035

Infections & Hygiene

43

9

7

8

7

5

7

0.832

Allergies, Eczema & Asthma

34

4

7

7

6

6

4

0.787

Sleep

34

3

6

3

10

8

4

0.345

Emotional Health

32

2

4

4

12

8

2

0.053

Reproduction

31

5

2

3

4

7

10

0.128

Weight & Exercise

27

5

6

6

0

6

4

0.115

Teeth & Dentistry

24

3

6

5

5

3

2

0.599

Breastmilk & Formula

23

5

2

2

5

5

4

0.697

Cognitive Development

20

0

1

0

2

7

10

0.003

Medications

18

0

4

1

8

1

4

0.030

Sun Exposure & Skin Health

17

2

4

3

5

2

1

0.586

Vaccines

16

1

3

2

3

2

5

0.425

Pregnancy

16

2

4

4

3

2

1

0.669

Electronics

13

0

0

2

5

3

3

0.015

Chemical Exposure

13

3

2

0

2

3

3

0.618

Emergencies

11

1

3

2

2

3

0

0.518

Gastrointestinal Issues

9

1

1

1

1

3

2

0.768

Chronic Diseases

9

0

0

3

2

2

2

0.308

Cancer

8

0

1

2

2

2

1

0.741

Eye Health

6

2

1

1

0

1

1

0.825

Alternative & Home Remedies

6

1

1

1

1

2

0

0.910

Smoking

5

2

1

1

1

0

0

0.619

Violence

2

0

0

1

0

1

0

0.514

*One-way ANOVA of mean number of articles; numbers in bold are significant (p<0.05)

Table 2. Themes of articles by month of publication

 

 

Month of Publication

 

Total

Jan.

Feb.

Mar.

Apr.

May

Jun.

Jul.

Aug.

Sept.

Oct.

Nov.

Dec.

p*

Total pages

13134

616

786

1039

1080

1184

1083

1012

1150

1519

1238

1275

1152

 

Average pages per issue

182.4

102.7

131

173.2

180

197.3

180.5

168.7

191.7

253.2

206.3

212.5

192

<0.001

Total number of articles

2185

130

150

192

182

193

186

176

198

231

189

190

168

 

Average articles per issue

30.3

21.7

25

32

30.3

32.2

31

29.3

33

38.5

31.5

31.7

28

<0.001

Total number of health articles

538

35

28

42

50

51

49

41

45

53

41

47

56

 

Average health articles per issue

7.5

5.8

4.7

7.0

8.3

8.5

8.2

6.8

7.5

8.8

6.8

7.8

9.3

0.010

ArticleThemes

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Behavior & Development

191

14

10

15

22

16

19

17

13

14

15

14

22

0.652

Injury & Safety

80

3

4

6

6

8

9

6

5

9

9

7

8

0.127

Nutrition

57

1

2

9

5

4

4

5

2

7

5

6

7

0.145

Infections & Hygiene

43

3

2

4

4

4

3

2

3

3

5

3

7

0.700

Allergies, Eczema & Asthma

34

1

1

2

5

5

1

1

1

4

5

2

6

0.032

Sleep

34

3

0

6

2

2

0

4

3

2

3

5

4

0.392

Emotional Health

32

3

4

1

2

2

2

1

5

4

0

3

5

0.649

Reproduction

31

0

2

1

2

1

3

2

5

4

3

3

5

0.481

Weight & Exercise

27

1

2

3

4

1

4

2

2

3

1

2

2

0.828

Teeth & Dentistry

24

3

2

0

3

3

1

2

0

4

2

2

2

0.602

Breast milk & Formula

23

1

0

3

0

3

3

1

3

1

3

2

3

0.427

Cognitive Development

20

1

2

1

2

1

5

0

0

3

4

0

1

0.444

Medications

18

2

1

1

2

1

0

1

1

1

3

4

1

0.750

Sun Exposure & Skin Health

17

0

1

1

0

2

6

1

2

2

0

1

1

0.009

Vaccines

16

1

0

1

0

4

1

2

2

0

1

3

1

0.248

Pregnancy

16

1

1

1

2

0

2

0

2

2

2

3

0

0.537

Electronics

13

2

1

1

0

1

2

1

1

0

2

0

2

0.768

Chemical Exposure

13

1

2

1

1

2

0

1

3

1

1

0

0

0.560

Emergencies

11

1

0

1

1

0

1

2

2

2

0

0

1

0.806

Gastrointestinal Issues

9

0

1

1

1

1

1

0

0

1

1

1

1

0.989

Chronic Diseases

9

0

1

1

3

0

0

1

2

0

0

1

0

0.151

Cancer

8

1

0

0

0

1

1

0

1

0

2

0

2

0.449

Eye Health

6

1

0

0

1

0

0

1

1

1

0

0

1

0.864

Alternative & Home Remedies

6

1

1

1

1

0

0

0

0

2

0

0

0

0.750

Smoking

5

0

1

1

0

0

0

0

1

0

0

2

0

0.330

Violence

2

0

1

0

0

1

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0.537

*One-way ANOVA of mean number of article; numbers in bold are significant (p<0.05)