Abstract
Background
Establishment of epidural analgesia is one of the most difficult technical skills in which to become proficient. We explored the current United Kingdom system of training in epidural insertion amongst trainee members of the Obstetric Anaesthetists’ Association (OAA).
Methods
An electronic questionnaire was sent to 452 OAA trainee members in May 2012. Questions were based upon own personal experience, challenges currently faced and the use of epidural simulation to enhance training.
Results
Although the majority felt ready and prepared when initially performing epidurals solo, 66% found the experience very stressful and 25% felt under considerable time pressure. Although senior support was readily available, 36% felt uncertain much of the time and 9% were unsure when to call for help. The European Working Time Directive was felt to have impacted upon training by 54% of respondents. 40% believe that there exists more challenging patients who require more experienced operators. Although 53% had used an epidural simulator previously, 84% would recommend its use for trainees and 49% would support simulator use as a compulsory element of training.
Conclusions
In spite of changes to the medical profession, there appears to be a robust system of training for epidural analgesia. However, there still exists the need to reduce the impact of the learning curve upon workplace stress for trainees. Whether this involves increased direct supervision for more than just the bare minimum, structured feedback tools to enhance the supervisor/trainee experience or the use of high-fidelity epidural simulation remains to be seen.
Key words
complications, epidural analgesia, epidural simulation, training, workplace stress
Introduction
The Royal College of Anaesthetists’ National Audit Project 3 showed that from approximately 700,000 central neuraxial blocks performed annually in the UK, 40% are epidurals (Cook, Counsell and Wildsmith, 2009) [1]. Incidence of permanent harm from all epidurals ranged from 3.1 to 6.1 in 100,000. Two large studies of obstetric epidural complications report that, although rare, life-threatening complications do occur (Paech, Godkin, Webster, 1998; Jenkins, 2005) [2,3]. Post-dural puncture headache (PDPH) has a more frequent occurrence of approximately 1% (Gleeson and Reynolds, 1998) [4]. Yet Gupta, Collis and Harries (2007) identified an increasing dural tap rate of 2.8% at their tertiary level unit when data over the preceding five years was analysed [5]. Ascribing this to decreasing trainee experience, they highlight the need to “focus on new methods of training in epidural insertion,” with a warning in case this was perhaps part of a national trend rather than just a local occurrence.
Cumulative sum (cusum) analysis is a statistical and graphical tool that examines trends for sequential events over time and can be used to determine proficiency in technical procedures. Naik, Devito and Halpem (2003) found that novices attain epidural insertion competency between 1 and 85 attempts, with many requiring almost 75 attempts [6]. Konrad et al. (1998) demonstrated success rates of 80% after 90 attempts [7]. Such numbers may be difficult to achieve within defined training periods. Recent reviews have commented on poorly structured systems for teaching skill acquisition and highlight the shift away from practicing on patients due to reduced tolerance for medical error (Grantcharov, Reznick, 2008; Smith, Johannsson, Sadler, 2005; Aggarwal and Darzi, 2006) [8-10]. Watterson et al. (2007) surveyed 29 Australian junior anaesthetists attempting to learn epidural insertion [11]. Teaching was described as “guided practical experience on patients provided by a senior registrar or consultant” but most felt stressed and described “low levels of control over some aspects of their workplace, including preparation before practice, access to supervision and volume of experience.” Watterson suggested augmenting training through enhanced supervision, structured feedback tools and simulation
The current obesity epidemic poses greater challenges for the novice anaesthetist. Bamgbade et al. (2009) found that obese labouring women were significantly more likely to need three or more attempts to achieve successful regional anaesthesia [12]. Perlow and Morgan (1994) demonstrated that in obese parturients more than one attempt at epidural insertion was necessary in 75% and more than three attempts in 14% [13].
To explore the UK training structure for learning the epidural technique, we sent a questionnaire to all trainee members of the Obstetric Anaesthetists’ Association (OAA). The aim was to identify experience in epidural training, potential challenges and difficulties and the place of epidural simulation for training in the obstetric setting.
Methods
After approval from the audit sub-committee of the OAA, an electronic questionnaire was sent to all 452 trainee members in May 2012, followed by two reminder e-mails to non-responders. All responses were anonymous. Trainee members were targeted since this group is likely to comprise of anaesthetists who are currently involved in both spectrums of the epidural training programme; either those still progressing along the learning curve or those who can clearly remember their own training but are more involved with the supervised training of others.
Results
In total, 207 of 452 questionnaires were completed, giving a response rate of 46%. Approximately 80% were senior trainees (final three years of training) and 15% were junior trainees. The remaining responses came from those who had taken up fellowship roles. Of respondents, 91% had performed over 100 epidurals.
Training experience and outcomes
The first epidural ever attempted by the trainee was a non-obstetric lumbar epidural (58%), labour epidural (33%) and thoracic epidural (9%). Over 80% felt prepared, understood the anatomy and knew the risks before independent practice. Ninety percent felt able to summon senior assistance if required. However, 66% found the experience very stressful. Thirty-six percent felt a degree of uncertainty, with 9% unsure when to summon help. Twenty-five percent felt time-pressured by midwives/theatre practitioners (Table 1). Reported complications associated with individual trainees’ first 20-25 epidural insertions included a dural puncture in 37% (n = 76), short-term neuropathy in 3% (n = 7) and a ‘high block’ defined as bradycardia, respiratory dysfunction or loss of consciousness in 4% (n = 8). There were no cases of permanent neuropathy.
Learning environment
Fifty-four percent believed the European Working Time Directive had negatively influenced training. Minimally invasive surgery and regional blocks have not had a major impact on epidural training with agreement responses of 50% and 21% respectively. Few (19%) believe that the number of trainees or increased emphasis on patient safety is an issue, but 40% felt that there are more challenging patients who require experienced epiduralists (Table 2).
Supervision
As expected from the seniority of respondents, 90% have been involved in the supervision of junior trainees trying to learn the epidural technique. Table 3 outlines various statements regarding how the trainee felt about supervising a more junior colleague. There were 185 responses in total, reflecting the fact that not all have been involved in a supervisory capacity.
Epidural simulation
There was an approximately equal divide between those that had used a simulator for training themselves/teaching others and those that had never used one (53% vs. 47%). However, 84% (176/206) would recommend simulator use for novices and this number included those that had not used one previously. Opinions were divided regarding simulation as a compulsory element with 49% stating that trainees must demonstrate competency on a simulator prior to patient interaction. Table 4 outlines some of the features deemed crucial to a good epidural simulator.
Discussion
This survey reveals a high degree of satisfaction amongst trainees at all stages. The majority felt able to call for senior assistance, believed senior staff were supportive and were encouraged to ask for help. In the authors’ region, trainees undertake a minimum of ten supervised epidurals prior to independent practice. There is no specific guidance, except to attain basic level competencies in obstetric anaesthesia one must safely conduct epidural analgesia using specific assessment methods to identify competence. Regional or perhaps hospital variation may exist and it would be useful to know what the set standard is and how many epidurals the respondents initially sited under direct supervision. Workplace stress amongst anaesthetists is frequently reported (Larsson, Rosenqvist, Holmstrom, 2006; Jackson, 1999; Houston, Allt, 1999) [14-16]. The survey findings are significant and may translate into the need for more direct supervision or a comprehensive training program, including the use of simulation. Negotiating learning support to match supervisory assistance to trainees’ needs has been recognised as being an important part of the process. Trainees possess insight into the level of support they require, be it direct senior presence, feedback or a consultant scrubbed and ready to step-in, but few are explicit in their requirements.
Complication rate analysis does not enable accurate assessments of epidural teaching adequacy. However, inadvertent dural puncture may be considered separately since it is more likely to occur during the steep learning phase. This may be from poor understanding of the technique or inadequate teaching. Of the respondents, 37% (n = 76) had experienced a dural tap during their first 25 insertions. To note, multiple dural taps from each trainee were not accounted for and novices were under-represented. Tan et al. (2010) described an inadvertent dural puncture rate of 1.4% due to medical officers rotating to the delivery suite every six months [17]. Through a structured epidural training program, the incidence fell to 0.3%1 and 0.8% over subsequent six-month periods. Perhaps it is now incumbent upon trainers to attempt to reduce this complication rate by determining the ideal training programme.
It is encouraging, if not surprising, that most would recommend simulator use, even when they had not used one previously. Perhaps because of limited design and utility, only two-thirds of those who had previously encountered manikin-simulation found it useful and less believed that it should be compulsory. Cost-efficiency savings have an impact on what can be purchased and epidural simulators may be low on the list, especially when ‘better’ models come at higher prices. But we have a duty of care to our patients and our trainees to make the procedure as safe and stress-free as possible.
The two fundamental issues with regards the learning environment is patient safety and trainee welfare. This survey confirms the need to lessen the impact of the initial learning curve to reduce trainee anxiety. Whether this involves increased direct supervision, structured feedback tools or epidural simulation remains to be seen.
Surveying OAA trainee members was based upon the fact that this cohort includes trainees who can recall their learning experience and may supervise junior colleagues. Although there is the potential for bias from the low number of novice trainees represented in our survey and the fact that those surveyed do have a particular interest in obstetric anaesthesia, the results still reveal interesting features derived from 207 trainees in the UK. The lack of questioning of non-OAA members and the possibility of positive recall bias is thus a limitation.
Conclusions
This survey has confirmed the robustness of the current training system in spite of the various changes to medical practice which is reassuring but there still exists the need to lessen the impact of the initial learning curve to reduce trainee anxiety. The results of this survey suggest we do need to focus our attention more on this aspect. Whether this involves increased direct supervision, structured feedback tools to enhance the supervisor/trainee experience or the use of improved epidural simulation remains to be seen. For the latter though, it is clear that to serve its purpose, an epidural simulator must be of high technical fidelity at an affordable price. The need for awareness about stress in anaesthesia and a consideration of other strategies to combat it is also vitally important.
Acknowledgements
We wish to acknowledge the support of Obstetric Anaesthetists’ Association for reviewing the survey questions and for providing access to their survey software system.
References
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