Take a look at the Recent articles

Osteoid osteoma of the ribs-Is image intensifier or bone scintigraphy a mandatory diagnostic tool-A case report with Review of literature

Suraj Wasudeo Nagre

Department of CVTS, Grant Medical College, India

E-mail : aa

Saptarshi Paul

Department of CVTS, Grant Medical College, India

DOI: 10.15761/OHNS.1000163

Article
Article Info
Author Info
Figures & Data

Abstract

Osteoid osteoma (OO) is a benign osteogenic tumour first reported by Jaffe in 1935. OOs may affect any bone, but more than half of the tumors occur in the long bones of the lower extremities. The frequency of OOs affecting the ribs is extremely low (1-1.4%), with only 14 reported cases with surgical intervention to date. Complete surgical excision is the standard treatment method for osteoid osteoma and is usually offered to patients experiencing chronic and substantial pain that is not relieved by conservative treatment. In this report we present a case of osteoid osteoma of the posterior part of the shaft of the sixth rib affecting a 30-year-old male, who had presented with symptoms of severe pain over the affected area and underwent surgical resection. Excised rib segment showed no osteosclerotic lesion on X ray so immediately extended resection of sixth rib was done. Here we have tried to evaluate the importance of the presence of the skeletal scintigraphy or C Arm image intensifier intra operatively by comparing our experience with the available literature.

Keywords

osteoid osteoma, rib, image intensifier

Introduction

Osteoid osteoma is a type of benign bone tumor, which was first described by Jaffe in 1935 [1]. It is a rare condition, which accounts for only 3% of primary bone tumors. Individuals aged between 5 and 24 years old are the most commonly affected [2]. The main symptom of the disease is pain that worsens at night, which may be alleviated by NSAIDs (non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs). Current treatment modalities include surgical excision, as well as less invasive techniques. After treatment, symptoms can be controlled. The most commonly affected sites are the long bones of the lower extremities and the patient outcome is good [3].

Case report

A 30-year-old male complained of nocturnal pain in his left posterior chest which had persisted for 2 years. Conservative treatment was performed for a period of 12 months with administration of NSAIDs at a nearby hospital. His symptoms were refractory to medication. Therefore, he was referred to our hospital for further treatment. At the initial visit to our hospital, there was no local tenderness, swelling, or redness, but the patient complained of severe pain over the left side of the back, inferior to the left scapula. A plain radiograph showed mild bone sclerosis of the posterior part of the left 6th rib. CT examinations revealed a small (6 × 6 mm) well demarcated osteosclerotic lesion in the posterior end of the left 6th rib; minimal periosteal reaction was noted along the rib (Figure 1). No centrally calcified nidus was noted. Pre-operative suspicion was strongly of that of an osteoid osteoma. The patient was taken up for surgery and under GA through posterior minithoracotomy posterior segment of sixth rib was excised (Figure 2a).

Figure 1. a) Small (6 × 6 mm) well demarcated osteosclerotic lesion in the posterior end of the left 6th rib in propt CT scan b) Post opt CT scan.

Figure 2. a) Intra Operative sixth rib, b) After closure of incision.

The excised portion of the 6th rib was sent for X ray, however no osteosclerotic lesion was present in that (Figure 3a). So immediately extended resection involving the 6th and 7th ribs was done. The resected 7th rib showed the osteosclerotic lesion this time on X ray (Figure 3b). Incision closed in layers after keeping negative suction drain (Figure 2b). Patient extubated and shifted to ward.The resected bone segments of both sixth and seventh rib externally looked same (Figure 4a and 4b) so we sent them for histopathological examination.

Figure 3. a) No osteosclerotic lesion 6 rib b) Osteosclerotic lesion seen 7 rib.

Figure 4. Resected rib segments a) Sixth rib b) Seventh rib.

Post operatively patient was comfortable. Chest X ray done and compared with preopt Chest X ray (Figure 5a and 5b). Drain removed after 48 hours and patient was discharged on fifth postopt day.Stich removal was done on fiftinth postopt day .

Figure 5. Chest X ray a) Preopt b) Postopt.

Histopathological examination of sixth rib was normal but seventh rib revealed the presence of osteoid tissue in a background stroma of fibrovascular tissue and thin trabeculae inter-anastomosing with a single layer of osteoblasts (Figure 6).

Figure 6. Histopath seventh rib under low and high power.

Discussion

OO is a benign osteogenic tumour first reported by Jaffe [1] in 1935. OOs may affect any bone, but more than half of the tumours occur in the long bones of the lower extremities. The frequency of OOs affecting the ribs is extremely low (1-1.4%), with only 14 reported cases with surgical intervention to date [3-16]. Our case had presented itself at an age which is beyond the normal age group of incidence [3]. Osteoid osteomas are characterized by a well-demarcated core with a typical size of <1 cm and by a distinctive surrounding zone of reactive bone formation [3]. The defining symptom of osteoid osteoma is pain during the night that responds to nonsteroidal anti?inflammatory drugs and salicylates. The lesions most commonly involve the posterior or posterolateral shaft of the rib and, upon imaging, present with similar features to tumours located elsewhere in the body. Imaging typically reveals a small radiolucent lesion with a thick sclerotic margin of reactive bone. Due its accuracy in detecting the nidus, CT is the preferred imaging technique used for the assessment of osteoid osteomas [3,7,15,18]. When the osteoid osteoma occurs in the posterior portion of the rib near the spine, it may lead to scoliosis [19]

Both conservative and operative techniques have been reported for the treatment of OO. Conservative treatment consists of NSAID administration for a prolonged period of time, which reportedly leads to alleviation of pain in select cases. The common principle for operative treatment of OO is thorough resection of the nidus, but incomplete resection could lead to local recurrence[20]. Although the ribs are easily accessed, the reported lengths of en bloc resection of the nidus ranged from 5 to 9.5 cm, which is significantly wider than the size of the nidus, that have led to varying reports of functional impairments [3,5-7]. Klonecke et al. [20] reported that intraoperative scanning has evolved because of the excessively wide excision necessary in the past that had to be planned to help guarantee complete removal of the lesion. Here we shall discuss about the importance of the image intensifier or skeletal scintigraphy in accurately localising the lesion and leading to minimal excision, instead of a wide local excision.

As per the available literature of the 15 cases of rib osteomas reported so far, we have come to the following consensus [3-16] as in Table 1.

Table 1. Comparision of various modalities used by surgeon.

2021 Copyright OAT. All rights reserv

Year of study

Authors

Scintigraphy

C arm image intensifier

CT Scan

No used (C arm/scintigraphy)

No data

2018

Nagre [19]

-

-

-

Yes

Used intra opt Xray of rib

2015

Deng et al. [3]

Yes

Yes

Yes

-

-

1983

Kehl et al. [4]

Yes

Yes

Yes

-

-

1984

McGuire et al. [5]

-

-

Yes

-

Yes

1988

Mehdian et al. [6]

Yes

No

Yes

-

-

1992

Veluvolu et al. [7]

Yes

No

Yes

-

-

1958

Mauer et al. [8]

-

-

Yes

Yes

-

1986

Lynch et al. [9]

-

-

Yes

-

Yes

1987

Nelson et al. [10]

Yes

-

Yes

-

-

1989

Kozlowski et al. [11]

-

-

Yes

-

Yes

1991

Cossetto et al. [12]

Yes

Yes

Yes

-

-

1993

Hoeffel et al. [13]

-

-

Yes

-

Yes

1996

McDermott et al. [14]

Yes

-

Yes

-

-

1996

Kargar et al. [15]

-

-

Yes

Yes

-

2012

Pirayesh et al. [16]

Yes

-

Yes

-

-

As per the above Table 1, a total of 8 authors used bone scintigraphy; of which Pirayesh et al. [16] used bone scintigraphy pre, intra as well as post operatively [16]. A total of 3 authors used both intra operative C arm image intensifier as well as pre-operative skeletal scintigraphy [3,4,8]. C arm was used by 3 authors, but that was always in combination with the skeletal scintigraphy [3,4,12]. No localizing diagnostic modality was used by 3 authors [8,15]. Pre-operative CT imaging was used by all authors [3-16]. No data was available in case of 4 reports [5,9,11,13]. In the case reported by Veluvolu et al. [7], CT scan had missed the lesion pre-operatively [7], that later had to be confirmed by scintigraphy.

The limited data available online shows that preoperative skeletal scintigraphy, first described in 1980 by Rinsky et al. [17], is the most relied modality of investigation that authors worldwide have resorted to in order to localize the nidus, and accordingly reduce the amount of material resected. Although some authors have reported the importance of CT scan as being the preferred imaging modality [3,7,15,18], yet there has been a single instance in which the lesion has been missed entirely by CT scan [7]. Intra operative C arm image intensifier was always used in combination with pre-operative skeletal scintigraphy, but never in an isolated fashion [3,4,12]. This shows the growing reliance of authors on the efficacy of pre-operative skeletal scintigraphy, while intra operative C arm imaging remains as a guiding factor for surgeons inside the operating room.

As far as our case is concerned, we are in the league of 2 previous authors who have attempted to resect the lesion with the guidance of only computed tomography [8,15]; though we have been able to resect the tumour with negative margins, yet we had to do an extended resection, in the absence of intra operative guidance.

Conclusion

We feel that more comprehensive data regarding the efficacy and reliability of skeletal scintigraphy and intra operative C arm imaging needs to be published, with a comparison of both with computed tomography. This data might in future establish skeletal scintigraphy, with or without the associated intra operative C arm image intensifier, as the default and most preferred diagnostic modality for this rare tumour. It was always better to use these modalities intraoperatively to prevent morbidity to patient as well as to the surgeon. So our conclusion was - use any of available modality intraoperatively was compulsory.

Consent

Informed consent has been obtained

Ethical approval

All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.

References

  1. Jaffe HL (1935) Osteoid osteoma. A benign osteoblastic tumor composed of osteoid and atypical bone. Arch Surg 31: 709-728.
  2. Unni KK (1996) Osteoid osteoma. In: Dahlin's bone tumors: general aspects and data on 1,087 cases. 5th edition. Lippincott-Raven, Philadelphia, PA, USA, pp: 121-130.
  3. Deng Z, Ding YI, Hao L, Yang F, Gong L, et al. (2015) Osteoid osteoma of the rib: A report of two cases. Oncol Lett 9: 1857-1860. [Crossref]
  4. Kehl DK, Alonso JE, Lovell WW (1983) Scoliosis secondary to an osteoid-osteoma of the rib. A case report. J Bone Joint Surg Am 65: 701-703. [Crossref]
  5. Nagre SW, Bhosle KN, Gawali R, Ravikumar V (2017) Innovative use of contegra valved conduit in left iliocaval stent thrombosis. Indian J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg: 1-4.
  6. Mehdian H, Summers B, Eisenstein S (1988) Painful scoliosis secondary to an osteoid osteoma of the rib. Clin Orthop Relat Res: 273-276. [Crossref]
  7. Nagre SW (2016) Hurdles for Starting Ministernotomy Aortic Valve Replacement Program. J Cardiovasc Med Cardiol 3: 035-037.
  8. MAUER I (1958) Osteoid osteoma of the 12th rib; resection under local anesthesia; a case report. Mil Med 122: 194. [Crossref]
  9. Nagre SW Bendre S (2016) New four patch repair [Modified Brom’s] technique for supravalvular aortic stenosis. J Cardiovasc Dis Res 7: 39.
  10. Nelson MC, Brower AC, Ragsdale BD (1987) Case report 448. Osteoid osteoma of left 6th rib with inflammatory reaction in the adjacent pleura and hyperostosis of the adjacent ribs. Skeletal Radiol 16: 601-603. [Crossref]
  11. Nagre SW, Bhosle KN, Bendre S Vignesh R (2017) Surgical Management of Medium to Large Size Pulmonary AV Malformations- A Case Series. J Clin Respir Dis Care 3: 129.
  12. Cossetto D, Cummine J (1991) Rapidly growing twelfth rib osteoid osteoma. Aust N Z J Surg 61: 862-864. [Crossref]
  13. Nagre SW (2017) Mobile Left Atrial Mass-Clot or Left Atrial Myxoma. J Cardiovasc Dis Res  8: 31-34.
  14. McDermott MB, Kyriakos M, McEnery K (1996) Painless osteoid osteoma of the rib in an adult. A case report and a review of the literature. Cancer 77: 1442-1449. [Crossref]
  15. Nagre SW, Nagre MS (2015) Observational Study of Surgical Closure of Ostium Primum Atrial Septal Defect in Thirty Paediatric Patients. Ann Woman Child Health 1: 1-4
  16. Pirayesh E, Amoui M (2012) A rare presentation of osteoid osteoma in a rib and unexpected "double density sign": A case report and review of literature. Iran J Radiat Res 10: 197-199.
  17. Nagre SW (2015) Surgical removal of embolised atrial septal defect device from pulmonary artery.  J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 150: e55-e57.
  18. Touraine S, Emerich L, Bisseret D, Genah I, Parlier-Cuau C, et al. (2014) Is pain duration associated with morphologic changes of osteoid osteomas at CT? Radiology 271: 795-804. [Crossref]
  19. Nagre SW, Bhosle KN, Shaikh A, Ravikumar V (2018) Pleuropulmonary blastoma-a case report and review of literature. Indian J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 3: 72-75.
  20. Mizuno S, Anazawa U, Hotta H, Asano N, Susa M, et al. (2015) A Rare Case of an Osteoid Osteoma of the Rib Treated under Computed Tomography Guidance: A Case Report and Review of the Literature. Case Rep Oncol 8: 509-514. [Crossref]

Editorial Information

Editor-in-Chief

Chin-Lung Kuo

Article Type

Case Report

Publication history

Received date: February 14, 2018
Accepted date: February 24, 2018
Published date: February 28, 2018

Copyright

©2018 Nagre SW, et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

Citation

Nagre SW, Paul S (2018) Osteoid osteoma of the ribs-Is image intensifier or bone scintigraphy a mandatory diagnostic tool-A case report with Review of literature. Otorhinolaryngol Head Neck Surg 3: doi: 10.15761/OHNS.1000163

Corresponding author

Suraj Wasudeo Nagre

Department of CVTS, Grant Medical College, India, Tel: 09967795303

Table 1. Comparision of various modalities used by surgeon.

Year of study

Authors

Scintigraphy

C arm image intensifier

CT Scan

No used (C arm/scintigraphy)

No data

2018

Nagre [19]

-

-

-

Yes

Used intra opt Xray of rib

2015

Deng et al. [3]

Yes

Yes

Yes

-

-

1983

Kehl et al. [4]

Yes

Yes

Yes

-

-

1984

McGuire et al. [5]

-

-

Yes

-

Yes

1988

Mehdian et al. [6]

Yes

No

Yes

-

-

1992

Veluvolu et al. [7]

Yes

No

Yes

-

-

1958

Mauer et al. [8]

-

-

Yes

Yes

-

1986

Lynch et al. [9]

-

-

Yes

-

Yes

1987

Nelson et al. [10]

Yes

-

Yes

-

-

1989

Kozlowski et al. [11]

-

-

Yes

-

Yes

1991

Cossetto et al. [12]

Yes

Yes

Yes

-

-

1993

Hoeffel et al. [13]

-

-

Yes

-

Yes

1996

McDermott et al. [14]

Yes

-

Yes

-

-

1996

Kargar et al. [15]

-

-

Yes

Yes

-

2012

Pirayesh et al. [16]

Yes

-

Yes

-

-

Figure 1. a) Small (6 × 6 mm) well demarcated osteosclerotic lesion in the posterior end of the left 6th rib in propt CT scan b) Post opt CT scan.

Figure 2. a) Intra Operative sixth rib, b) After closure of incision.

Figure 3. a) No osteosclerotic lesion 6 rib b) Osteosclerotic lesion seen 7 rib.

Figure 4. Resected rib segments a) Sixth rib b) Seventh rib.

Figure 5. Chest X ray a) Preopt b) Postopt.

Figure 6. Histopath seventh rib under low and high power.