Take a look at the Recent articles

QSAR study of diethyl p-nitrophenyl phosphate derivatives for paraoxonase 1

Mustafa Lawar

Kastamonu University, Faculty of Engineering & Architecture, Department of Genetic & Bioengineering. 37000 Kastamonu, Turkey

E-mail : aa

Ismaıl Yalçın

Ankara University, Faculty of pharmacy, Department of pharmaceutical chemistry., Ankara, Turkey

Murat Alper Başaran

Alanya Alaaddin Keykubat University, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Management Engineering, 07425, Antalya, Turkey

Hakan Sezgin Sayiner

Department of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Adiyaman University, Adiyaman, Turkey

Fatma Kandemirli

Biomedical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Kastamonu University, Kastamonu, Turkey

DOI: 10.15761/IJC.1000121

Article
Article Info
Author Info
Figures & Data

Abstract

It is perhaps noteworthy in the recent literature of biomedical engineering that there have been a plethora of studies concerned with the activation of human paraoxonase1 (PON1) to reduce the high concentrations of homocysteine in the human serum. Some of diethyl p-nitrophenyl phosphate derivatives were studied at the B3LYP/6-311g(d,p), B3LYP/6-311++g(2d,2p) and B3LYP/6-311++g(3df,3dp) basis set level through the relationship between their molecular and electronic structure, as well as via their relations with paraoxonase1 activity. In an attempt to shed light on which descriptors may contribute to the activation of PON1, this paper investigates the nature of the relationship between the activity of the enzymes and the descriptors of 15 molecules, namely HOMO, LUMO, Energy gap, hardness, softness, Electronegativity, chemical potential, electrophilicity index(ω), Nucleofugality, Electrofugality. Two data analysis methods, CART Decision Tree and Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) were used for the linear part and non-linear part of the data set, respectively. The results of the study show correlations between the activity of the enzyme and the studied descriptors.  Moreover, the results of the study reveal that by using the CART method not only do we know the significant descriptors but also we have their critical values and orders. 

Key words:

biomedical engineering, Paraoxonase, PON1 activation, CART Model, ANNs, derivatives of diethyl p-nitrophenyl phosphate

Introduction

Paraxonase is a group of enzymes that catalyzes the organophosphates and lactones. This group contains three genotypic forms coded as PON set, which are located in the long arm of chromosome 7 of human beings [1-3]. The three types of paraxonase are: PON1 that is synthesized in the liver and functions as an antioxidant, PON2 that is expressed as intracellular protein that can protect cells against oxidative damage, and PON3 that is similar to PON1 in activity but differs from it in substrate specificity [4,5]. Both PON1 and PON3 have clinical significance in that they are involved in lowering the risk of developing atherosclerosis and coronary artery disease [2,6]. PON1 or serum paraxonase, known also as serum aryldialkylphosphatase 1 and homocysteine thiolactonase, is an enzyme that is found in many mammalian species and in humans and is encoded by the PON1gene.  Although PON1 hydrolyzes aromatic carboxylic acid esters, toxic organophosphate compounds, and lactones, its natural substrates and physiological function(s) are far from settled [3-5]. Human PON1 is a glycoprotein composed of 354 amino acids, which associates with high-density lipoprotein ( HDL , a cholesterol carrier in the circulation) [1,3,4,7,8]. Serum PON1 is secreted mainly by the liver, local synthesis occurs in several tissues though. The structure contains 2 calcium ions which are essential for catalytic activity and enzyme stability [3-5,8,9].

PON1 is one of three members of mammalian family enzymes that contain PON2 and PON3. These enzymes were originally discovered through their involvement in the hydrolysis of organophosphate. Members of paraoxonase exhibit a wide range of physiologically important hydrolytic activities, including drug metabolism and detoxification of nerve agents. Due to the similarity between PON1 and PON3, both of these enzymes come to be associated with high-density lipoprotein (HDL) [5].

The "natural" substrates for PON1 are lactones [2]. However, PON1 has evolved to be a highly promiscuous enzyme that is capable of hydrolyzing a wide variety of substrates, such as lactones (including a number of important pharmaceutical agents viz., statins), glucuronide drugs, thiolactones, arylesters, cyclic carbonates, organophosphorus pesticides, let alone nerve gases such as sarin, soman and VX, estrogen esters and lipid-peroxides (oxidized lipids). PON1 was first discovered through its ability to hydrolyze and therefore detoxify organophosphorus compounds which are widely used as pesticides and nerve gases. Despite decades of research, it is only now becoming clear that PON1 protects humans from the acute and chronic harmful effects of these compounds [10,11].

In a similar vein, Diethyl Phosphate belongs to a group of compounds called organophosphates. Organophosphate (OP) or phosphate ester is the general name for esters of phosphoric acid. Many of the most important biochemicals are organophosphates, including DNA and RNA, as well as many of the cofactors essential for life. Organophosphates are the basis of many insecticides, herbicides, and nerve agents.  These compounds are a diverse group of chemicals used in both domestic and industrial settings. In this study, Gaussian 03 was used to carry out geometry optimization for the 15diethyl p-nitrophenyl phosphate compounds via the density functional theory (DFT). The aim of this study was to theoretically shed light on how the diethyl p-nitrophenyl phosphate derivatives would activate  PON1.

Material and method

The 15 descriptors mentioned above have been carried out at the B3LYP level of theory using Gaussian-03 series of program package [12,13]. The calculations were based on 6-31G (d,p) basis set. This method has been widely implemented to study the relationship between corrosion inhibition efficiency of the molecules and their electronic properties [13] In order to set up correlation between experimental data and structural and electronic characteristics of the investigated activators, the geometry of the molecules were optimized by the density functional theory (DFT) [13], with the Becke’s three parameter exchange functional(1)  along with the Lee– Yang–Parr correlation functional theory (B3LYP) [14].

Results and discussion

Tables 1 and 2 delineates the calculated parameters of the diethyl p-nitrophenyl phosphate derivative molecules using B3LYP/6-311G(d,p), B3LYP/6-311++G(2d,2p)  methods.

As HOMO is often associated with the electron donating ability of a molecule, high value of HOMO is likely to indicate the tendency of the molecule to donate electrons to appropriate acceptor molecules with lower energy MO [15-17]. HOMO and LUMO orbitals of the 15 molecules were obtained from the quantum chemical calculation by the DFT using B3LYP/6-311G(d,p), B3LYP/6-311++G(2d,2p) bases sets as shown in Figure 1 below [18,19].

Figure 1: Molecular structure, HOMO, LUMO & ESP of the 15 molecules.

Tables 1&2: The calculated parameters by B3LYP/6-311G(d,p) :  HOMO, LUMO, Energy gap, Hardness, Softness, Electronegativity, Chemical potential, Electrophilicity index(ω), Nucleofugality, & Electrofugality.

 

HOMO

LUMO

Energy gap

hardness

softness

Electronegativity

chemical potential

electrophilicity index(ω)

Nucleofugality

Electrofugality

1

-7.423

-5.476

1.948

0.974

0.513

12.899

-12.899

85.419

73.007

98.80504

2

-7.749

-3.007

4.742

2.371

0.211

10.756

-10.756

24.398

14.828

36.34051

3

-7.123

-2.144

4.979

2.49

0.201

9.267

-9.267

17.246

9.224

27.75778

4

-7.19

-5.058

2.133

1.066

0.469

12.248

-12.248

70.334

58.62

83.1154

5

-7.305

-5.66

1.645

0.823

0.608

12.965

-12.965

102.174

89.62

115.5502

6

-7.091

-5.092

1.999

0.999

0.5

12.183

-12.183

74.267

62.583

86.94992

7

-6.745

-1.453

5.292

2.646

0.189

8.199

-8.199

12.702

5.826

22.22404

8

-6.967

-2.495

4.472

2.236

0.224

9.462

-9.462

20.02

11.677

30.60001

9

-7.087

-2.024

5.064

2.532

0.197

9.111

-9.111

16.394

8.549

26.77058

10

-6.931

-2.245

4.686

2.343

0.213

9.175

-9.175

17.968

9.964

28.3147

11

-7.254

-2.617

4.636

2.318

0.216

9.871

-9.871

21.015

12.303

32.04467

12

-6.922

-2.133

4.789

2.394

0.209

9.055

-9.055

17.12

9.263

27.37184

13

-7.055

-2.106

4.949

2.474

0.202

9.161

-9.161

16.957

9.034

27.35466

14

-6.885

-1.208

5.677

2.838

0.176

8.094

-8.094

11.54

4.865

21.0528

15

-6.682

-0.849

5.833

2.917

0.171

7.532

-7.532

9.725

3.651

18.71468

 

Table 2: The other calculated parameters by B3LYP/6-311G(d,p):  Hyperpolarisibility, Pz valance, Alpha, Delta (alpha) & the Kcat/KM (activity).

 

Hyperpolarisibility 10-30 (edu)

Pz (elect)

Alpha(au)

Delta (alpha)
esu 10-24

Kcat/KM

1

5.68

0.014

266.983

39.56693

130

2

8.30

-0.051

234.831

34.802

4040

3

0.73

-0.258

202.744

30.04666

122

4

7.89

-0.280

236.182

35.00222

8300

5

1.12

0.014

265.589

39.36024

5600

6

9.23

-0.665

235.636

34.92126

5800

7

2.49

-0.147

198.966

29.48676

48

8

7.92

-0.763

229.294

33.98132

400

9

3.88

-0.743

229.322

33.98552

220

10

8.21

-0.761

242.487

35.93657

285

11

3.66

-0.534

232.672

34.48199

58

12

7.39

-0.789

243.966

36.15576

130

13

2.35

-0.673

227.786

33.75784

88

14

1.70

-0.228

198.971

29.48755

0.57

15

0.44

-0.748

214.728

31.82269

0.403

Both HOMO and LUMO of the 15 molecules were centered on the phenyl group, which illustrated the reactive orbitals of these molecules. The highest EHOMO among the 15 molecules were -6.682 eV, -6.745 eV, -6.885 eV, -6.922 eV, -6.931 eV, -6.967 eV, -7.055 eV, -7.087 eV, -7.091 eV, -7.123 eV, -7.19 eV, -7.254 eV, -7.305 eV, -7.423 eV, and -7.749 eV. These results were observed in the molecules 15, 7, 14, 12, 10, 8, 13, 9, 6, 3, 4, 11, 5, 1, and 2 respectively. The ELUMO of these molecules were -0.849 eV, -1.208 eV, -1.453 eV, -2.024 eV, -2.106 eV, -2.133 eV, -2.144 eV, -2.245 eV, -2.495 eV, -2.617 eV, -3.007 eV, -5.058 eV, -5.092 eV, -5.476 eV, and -5.66 eV for the molecules 15, 14, 7, 9, 13, 12, 3, 10, 8, 11, 2, 4, 6, 1, and 5 respectively. The energy gap results were 1.645 eV, 1.948 eV, 1.999 eV, 2.133 eV, 4.472 eV, 4.636 eV, 4.686 eV, 4.742 eV, 4.789 eV, 4.949 eV, 4.979 eV, 5.064 eV, 5.292 eV, 5.677 eV, and 5.833 eV correspondingly. In line with the results of energy gap calculated by  B3LYP/6-311G(d,p) method and the interpretation of Figures (2-4), we can understand that the molecules with smaller EHOMO-ELUMO energy gap lead to lower kinetic stability and higher chemical reactivity [15]. Thus, the molecules with the highest reactivity are 5, 1, 6, 4, 8, 11, 10, 2, 12, 13, 3, 9, 7, 14, and 15.

Figure 2: HOMO & LUMO at B3LYP/6-311G(d,p)

Figure 3: HOMO & LUMO at B3LYP/6-311++G(2d,2p)

Figure 4: HOMO & LUMO at B3LYP/6-311++G(3df,3pdp).

  Figure 5: the longest and shortest bond length

The negative charge as shown in the above ESP charts is around O5 of the phosphate group, for the whole molecules under investigation. In addition, these negative charges can be observed around the O29, O30, O33 and O34 of the two nitrous oxide attached to the phenyl ring in molecule (1); O30 and O31in molecule (2); O29 and O30 in molecule (4); O31, O32, O33 and O34 in  molecule (5); O30 and O31 in molecule (11), and O31 and O32 in molecule (12).  Furthermore, the negative charge can be detected around the O32 of the aldehyde group that is attached to the phenyl ring, O31 of the acetophenone of the molecule (10), and N31 of the cyanophenyl of the molecule (13).

 With respect to Nucleofugality (defined as the propensity of an atom or group of them to depart bearing the bonding electron pair in a heterolytic cleavage process [20,21], the highest nucleofugality of the 15 molecules was 89.62, 73.007, 62.583, 58.62, 14.828, 12.303, 11.677,  9.964, 9.263, 9.224, 9.034, 8.549, 5.826, 4.865 and 3.651 for the molecules 5, 1, 6, 4, 2, 11, 8, 10, 12, 3, 13, 9, 7, 14 and 15 respectively. According to these results, the molecules that can activate the PON1 enzyme of the aforementioned group of molecules.  The Table 3 below shows the correlations between the calculated parameters and the activity of the enzyme. Because of there are some parameters show a weak relationship with the activity of the enzyme that measured in the reference (Khersonsky O, Tawfik DS. 2005).

Table 3: The C0rrelations of the different parameters with the activity

Paramet

Mole.

HOMO

LUMO

Hardness

Softness

Energy gap

Electronegativity

Chemical_potential

Electrophilicity

Nucleofugality

Electrofugality

Hyperpolarizability

Pz

Alpha

Delta

1

-7.423

-5.476

0.974

0.513

1.948

12.899

-12.899

85.419

73.007

98.80504

5.68

0.014

266.983

39.567

130

2

-7.749

-3.007

2.371

0.211

4.742

10.756

-10.756

24.398

14.828

36.34051

8.3

-0.051

234.831

34.802

4040

3

-7.123

-2.144

2.49

0.201

4.979

9.267

-9.267

17.246

9.224

27.75778

0.73

-0.258

202.744

30.047

122

4

-7.19

-5.058

1.066

0.469

2.133

12.248

-12.248

70.334

58.62

83.11540

7.89

-0.28

236.182

35.002

8300

5

-7.305

-5.660

0.823

0.608

1.645

12.965

-12.965

102.174

89.62

115.55020

1.12

0.014

265.589

39.360

5600

6

-7.091

-5.092

0.999

0.5

1.999

12.183

-12.183

74.267

62.583

86.94992

9.23

-0.665

235.636

34.921

5800

7

-6.745

-1.453

2.646

0.189

5.292

8.199

-8.199

12.702

5.826

22.22404

2.49

-0.147

198.966

29.487

48

8

-6.967

-2.495

2.236

0.224

4.472

9.462

-9.462

20.02

11.677

30.60001

7.92

-0.763

229.294

33.981

400

9

-7.087

-2.024

2.532

0.197

5.064

9.111

-9.111

16.394

8.549

26.77058

3.88

-0.743

229.322

33.986

220

10

-6.931

-2.245

2.343

0.213

4.686

9.175

-9.175

17.968

9.964

28.31470

8.21

-0.761

242.487

35.937

285

11

-7.254

-2.617

2.318

0.216

4.636

9.871

-9.871

21.015

12.303

32.04467

3.66

-0.534

232.672

34.482

58

12

-6.922

-2.133

2.394

0.209

4.789

9.055

-9.055

17.12

9.263

27.37184

7.39

-0.789

243.966

36.156

130

13

-7.055

-2.106

2.474

0.202

4.949

9.161

-9.161

16.957

9.034

27.35466

2.35

-0.673

227.786

33.758

88

14

-6.885

-1.208

2.838

0.176

5.677

8.094

-8.094

11.54

4.865

21.05280

1.7

-0.228

198.971

29.488

0.57

15

-6.682

-0.849

2.917

0.171

5.833

7.532

-7.532

9.725

3.651

18.71468

0.44

-0.748

214.728

31.823

0.403

Correlations (R2)

0.184

0.538

0.5295

0.5028

0.5295

0.5275

0.5275

0.4903

0.4837

0.4945

0.1505

0.1014

0.1304

0.1304

Kat/km

We know that the bond length is: the distance between two bonded atoms at their minimum potential energy, or the average distance between two bonded atoms. The correlation between the bond length and reactivity is that the longer the bond length is the more reactive it will be. The short one is more stable, however [22]. The longer bonds length includes those bonds within the phosphate group attached to the phenyl ring, mainly the bond between the phosphor atom and oxygen atom 4 (P1-O4: 1.6383Å), (P1-O2: 1.5868 Å), and (P1-O3: 1.5782 Å) that bonded to the phenyl ring, whereas the shorter bonds were (O4-C20: 1.3615 Å), (O2-C6: 1.4592 Å) and (P1-O5: 1.4609 Å) [23]. [Figure 5]

This bonds length  was among the entire molecules, as shown in figure 6 below.   

Figure 6: the different bonds length among the 15 molecules

Statistical analysis

The total number of 15 molecules based on descriptors, namely, HOMO, LUMO, Energy Gap, Hardness, Softness, Electronegativity, Chemical Potential, Electrophilicty Index, Nucleofugality, Hyperpolarisibility, Pz, Alpha, Delta and dependent variable KCAT were investigated using CART Decision Tree and Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) in order to examine which factors may have impact on the dependent variable, KCAT. The data set included both linear and non-linear calculations. While CART Decision Tree was conducted in order to pin down which descriptors have impact on the dependent variable, KCAT using SALFORD Predictive Modeler 8.0 for linear part, Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) was utilized for the same purpose using SPSS 20.0 for non-linear part. CART Decision Tree tests revealed that Chemical Potential and Homo descriptors were statistically significant variables by conducting 5-fold cross-validation with 0.544 coefficient of determination.

Of the variables that have significant results that are in sync with the objective of the study are Chemical Potential and Homo. The model below delineates the output of this relationship and pinpoints these significant variables. The importance level for Chemical potential is higher since the separation starts with that descriptor. Besides, its critical value is -10.31.  If the molecules display critical value less than and equal to -10.31, there will be no other significant descriptors available except Chemical Potential. By contrast, if the Chemical Potential is greater than -10.31, there will be other significant descriptors adding extra information to the model, which is called Homo. The Descriptors' contribution to the model comes with a single separating value at -6.90.

                                                                                                                                        

As for the non-linear part, ANNs was conducted in order to examine which descriptors may have impact on the dependent variable,  KCAT. Owing to the fact that the data set we had was small, we had the model run 100 times and then the average was taken. The most significant variables were Pz, Hyperbola, Delta and Alpha with 62 percent of determination of coefficient (R2=0.62). In consequence, the total number of 15 molecules consisting of 14 descriptors and one independent variable that have been already mentioned above were investigated in order to examine which descriptors would impact the dependent variable. Since the data set contained both linear and non-linear calculations, two different statistical models, CART Decision Tree and ANNs, were utilized for the linear part and non-linear part, respectively. The results revealed that Chemical Potential and Homo were significant descriptors for the linear part. Similarly,  Pz, Hyperpolarizability, Delta and Alpha were  significant descriptors for the non-linear part.

To sum up, utilizing ANN2021 Copyright OAT. All rights reservthe descriptors, Pz, Hyperpola., Delta and Alpha do have an impact on the activity of the enzymes. Similarly, CART model used to measure the effect of the descriptors for the linear part on the activity of the enzymes reveals that the most significant descriptors are Chemical Potential and Homo. Most importantly, however, the results show that the order of the descriptors in the CART model bear significance. That is, while Chemical Potential with its value of greater than -10.31 was the first splitting variable having impact on dependent variable KCAT, Homo came second in importance, with a value of less than and equal to -6.90. By utilizing the CART method, thereupon, not only do we have the significant descriptors but also we have their critical values and orders. 

Summary and Conclusion

The major aim of this paper was to examine the descriptors of the 15 aforementioned molecules that may activate PON1. The results of the study reveal that there is a strong relationships between the activity of the enzyme and the studied descriptors. In order to examine the relationships, two data analysis methods, CART Decision Tree and Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) were used for the linear part and non-linear part of the data set, respectively. The most significant descriptors for the linear part were Chemical Potential and Homo. However, the order of the descriptors was determined by CART model. While Chemical Potential with its value of greater than -10.31 was the first splitting variable to have impact on dependent variable KCAT, Homo was the second variable that showed an impact on dependent variable, with its value of less than and equal to -6.90. The importance of CART method was that it not only revealed and sorted out significant descriptors but it also pinpointed their critical values and orders. In result, CART Decision Tree turned out that Chemical Potential and Homo descriptors were statistically significant variables by conducting 5-fold cross-validation with 0.544 coefficient of determination. In a similar fashion, ANNs, employed for non-linear part in order to determine which descriptors have impact on dependent variable, revealed that Pz, Hyperpolarizability, Delta and Alpha were the most significant contributors, with 62 percent of determination of coefficient (R2=0.62).

References

  1. Bergmeier C, Siekmeier R, Gross W (2004) Distribution spectrum of paraoxonase activity in HDL fractions. Clin Chem 50: 2309-2315. [Crossref]
  2. De Stefano V, Finazzi G, Mannucci PM (1996) Inherited thrombophilia: pathogenesis, clinical syndromes, and management. Blood 87: 3531-3544. [Crossref]
  3. Godfray, Getz GS, Reardon CA (2004) Paraoxonase, a cardioprotective enzyme: continuing issues. Curr Opin Lipidol 15: 261-267. [Crossref]
  4. Bargota RS, Akhtar M, Biggadike K, Gania D, Rudolf K, et al. (2003) Structure–Activity Relationship on Human Serum Paraoxonase (PON1) Using Substrate Analogues and Inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 13: 1623-1626. [Crossref]
  5. Draganov DI, Teiber JF, Speelman A, Osawa Y, Sunahara R, et al. (2005) Human paraoxonases (PON1, PON2, and PON3) are lactonases with overlapping and distinct substrate specificities. J Lipid Res 46: 1239-1247. [Crossref]
  6. Hansch C, Fujita T (1964) p-s-p Analysis. A Method for the Correlation of Biological Activity and Chemical Structure. J Am Chem Soc 86: 1616.
  7. Bhattacharyya T, Nicholls SJ, Topol EJ, Zhang R, Yang X, et al. (2008) Relationship of paraoxonase 1 (PON1) gene polymorphisms and functional activity with systemic oxidative stress and cardiovascular risk. JAMA 299: 1265-1276. [Crossref]
  8. Yeung DT, Josse D, Nicholson JD, Khanal A, McAndrew CW, et al. (2004) Structure/function analyses of human serum paraoxonase (HuPON1) mutants designed from a DFPase-like homology model. Biochim Biophys Acta 1702: 67-77. [Crossref]
  9. Yeung DT, Lenz DE, Cerasoli DM (2005) Analysis of active-site amino-acid residues of human serum paraoxonase using competitive substrates. FEBS J 272: 2225-2230. [Crossref]
  10. Harper AE, Benevenga NJ, Wohlhueter RM (1970) Effects of ingestion of disproportionate amounts of amino acids. Physiol Rev 50: 428-558. [Crossref]
  11. Hohenberg P, Kohn W (1964) In homogeneous Electron Gas. Phys Rev 136: 864-871.
  12. Becke AD (1992) Density-functional thermochemistry. III. The role of exact exchange. J Chem Phys 96: 9489.
  13. Becke AD (1993) A new mixing of Hartree–Fock and local density-functional theories. J Chem Phys 98: 1372.
  14. Kandemirli F, Saracoglu M, Amin MA, Basaran MA, Can Dogan Vurdu CD (2014) The Quantum Chemical Calculations of Serine, Therionine and Glutamine. Int J Electrochem Sci 9: 3819-3827.
  15. Aihara J (1999) Reduced HOMO&LUMO Gap as an Index of Kinetic Stability for Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons. J Phys Chem A 103: 7487-7495.
  16. Kim KH, Han YK, Jung J (2005) Basis set effects on relative energies and HOMO– LUMO energy gaps of fullerene C36. Theor Chem Acc 113: 233-237.
  17. Osman OI (2017) DFT Study of the Structure, Reactivity, Natural Bond Orbital and Hyperpolarizability of Thiazole Azo Dyes. Int J Mol Sci 18. [Crossref]
  18. Frisch MJ, Trucks GW, Schlegel HB (2003) Gaussian 03 Rev. Gaussian Inc Pittsburgh PA.
  19. Khersonsky O1, Tawfik DS (2005) Structure-reactivity studies of serum paraoxonase PON1 suggest that its native activity is lactonase. Biochemistry 44: 6371-6382. [Crossref]
  20. Campod´onico PR, Ormaz´abal-T R, Aizman A, Contreras R, (2010) Permanent group effect on nucleofugality in aryl benzoates. Chemical Physics Letters 498: 221-225.
  21. Ormazábal-Toledo R, Contreras R (2014) Philicity and Fugality Scales for Organic Reactions. Advances in Chemistry 1-13.
  22. Jonest PG, Kirby AJ (1984) Simple Correlation between Bond Length and Reactivity. Combined Use of Crystallographic and Kinetic Data To Explore a Reaction Coordinate. J Am Chem SOC 106: 6207-6212.
  23. Kudin KN, Burant JC, Millam JM, Iyengar SS, Tomasi J, Barone V, et al. (2004) Gaussian 03, Revision B.05, Gaussian Inc Wallingford CT.

Editorial Information

Editor-in-Chief

Article Type

Research Article

Publication history

Received: September 20, 2017
Accepted: October 18, 2017
Published: October 21, 2017

Copyright

©2017 Lawar M. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

Citation

Lawar M (2017) QSAR study of diethyl p-nitrophenyl phosphate derivatives for paraoxonase 1. Interdiscip J Chem 2, doi: 10.15761/IJC.1000121

Corresponding author

Mustafa Lawar

Kastamonu University, Faculty of Engineering & Architecture, Department of Genetic & Bioengineering. 37000 Kastamonu, Turkey.

Tables 1&2: The calculated parameters by B3LYP/6-311G(d,p) :  HOMO, LUMO, Energy gap, Hardness, Softness, Electronegativity, Chemical potential, Electrophilicity index(ω), Nucleofugality, & Electrofugality.

 

HOMO

LUMO

Energy gap

hardness

softness

Electronegativity

chemical potential

electrophilicity index(ω)

Nucleofugality

Electrofugality

1

-7.423

-5.476

1.948

0.974

0.513

12.899

-12.899

85.419

73.007

98.80504

2

-7.749

-3.007

4.742

2.371

0.211

10.756

-10.756

24.398

14.828

36.34051

3

-7.123

-2.144

4.979

2.49

0.201

9.267

-9.267

17.246

9.224

27.75778

4

-7.19

-5.058

2.133

1.066

0.469

12.248

-12.248

70.334

58.62

83.1154

5

-7.305

-5.66

1.645

0.823

0.608

12.965

-12.965

102.174

89.62

115.5502

6

-7.091

-5.092

1.999

0.999

0.5

12.183

-12.183

74.267

62.583

86.94992

7

-6.745

-1.453

5.292

2.646

0.189

8.199

-8.199

12.702

5.826

22.22404

8

-6.967

-2.495

4.472

2.236

0.224

9.462

-9.462

20.02

11.677

30.60001

9

-7.087

-2.024

5.064

2.532

0.197

9.111

-9.111

16.394

8.549

26.77058

10

-6.931

-2.245

4.686

2.343

0.213

9.175

-9.175

17.968

9.964

28.3147

11

-7.254

-2.617

4.636

2.318

0.216

9.871

-9.871

21.015

12.303

32.04467

12

-6.922

-2.133

4.789

2.394

0.209

9.055

-9.055

17.12

9.263

27.37184

13

-7.055

-2.106

4.949

2.474

0.202

9.161

-9.161

16.957

9.034

27.35466

14

-6.885

-1.208

5.677

2.838

0.176

8.094

-8.094

11.54

4.865

21.0528

15

-6.682

-0.849

5.833

2.917

0.171

7.532

-7.532

9.725

3.651

18.71468

 

Table 2: The other calculated parameters by B3LYP/6-311G(d,p):  Hyperpolarisibility, Pz valance, Alpha, Delta (alpha) & the Kcat/KM (activity).

 

Hyperpolarisibility 10-30 (edu)

Pz (elect)

Alpha(au)

Delta (alpha)
esu 10-24

Kcat/KM

1

5.68

0.014

266.983

39.56693

130

2

8.30

-0.051

234.831

34.802

4040

3

0.73

-0.258

202.744

30.04666

122

4

7.89

-0.280

236.182

35.00222

8300

5

1.12

0.014

265.589

39.36024

5600

6

9.23

-0.665

235.636

34.92126

5800

7

2.49

-0.147

198.966

29.48676

48

8

7.92

-0.763

229.294

33.98132

400

9

3.88

-0.743

229.322

33.98552

220

10

8.21

-0.761

242.487

35.93657

285

11

3.66

-0.534

232.672

34.48199

58

12

7.39

-0.789

243.966

36.15576

130

13

2.35

-0.673

227.786

33.75784

88

14

1.70

-0.228

198.971

29.48755

0.57

15

0.44

-0.748

214.728

31.82269

0.403

Table 3: The C0rrelations of the different parameters with the activity

Paramet

Mole.

HOMO

LUMO

Hardness

Softness

Energy gap

Electronegativity

Chemical_potential

Electrophilicity

Nucleofugality

Electrofugality

Hyperpolarizability

Pz

Alpha

Delta

1

-7.423

-5.476

0.974

0.513

1.948

12.899

-12.899

85.419

73.007

98.80504

5.68

0.014

266.983

39.567

130

2

-7.749

-3.007

2.371

0.211

4.742

10.756

-10.756

24.398

14.828

36.34051

8.3

-0.051

234.831

34.802

4040

3

-7.123

-2.144

2.49

0.201

4.979

9.267

-9.267

17.246

9.224

27.75778

0.73

-0.258

202.744

30.047

122

4

-7.19

-5.058

1.066

0.469

2.133

12.248

-12.248

70.334

58.62

83.11540

7.89

-0.28

236.182

35.002

8300

5

-7.305

-5.660

0.823

0.608

1.645

12.965

-12.965

102.174

89.62

115.55020

1.12

0.014

265.589

39.360

5600

6

-7.091

-5.092

0.999

0.5

1.999

12.183

-12.183

74.267

62.583

86.94992

9.23

-0.665

235.636

34.921

5800

7

-6.745

-1.453

2.646

0.189

5.292

8.199

-8.199

12.702

5.826

22.22404

2.49

-0.147

198.966

29.487

48

8

-6.967

-2.495

2.236

0.224

4.472

9.462

-9.462

20.02

11.677

30.60001

7.92

-0.763

229.294

33.981

400

9

-7.087

-2.024

2.532

0.197

5.064

9.111

-9.111

16.394

8.549

26.77058

3.88

-0.743

229.322

33.986

220

10

-6.931

-2.245

2.343

0.213

4.686

9.175

-9.175

17.968

9.964

28.31470

8.21

-0.761

242.487

35.937

285

11

-7.254

-2.617

2.318

0.216

4.636

9.871

-9.871

21.015

12.303

32.04467

3.66

-0.534

232.672

34.482

58

12

-6.922

-2.133

2.394

0.209

4.789

9.055

-9.055

17.12

9.263

27.37184

7.39

-0.789

243.966

36.156

130

13

-7.055

-2.106

2.474

0.202

4.949

9.161

-9.161

16.957

9.034

27.35466

2.35

-0.673

227.786

33.758

88

14

-6.885

-1.208

2.838

0.176

5.677

8.094

-8.094

11.54

4.865

21.05280

1.7

-0.228

198.971

29.488

0.57

15

-6.682

-0.849

2.917

0.171

5.833

7.532

-7.532

9.725

3.651

18.71468

0.44

-0.748

214.728

31.823

0.403

Correlations (R2)

0.184

0.538

0.5295

0.5028

0.5295

0.5275

0.5275

0.4903

0.4837

0.4945

0.1505

0.1014

0.1304

0.1304

Kat/km

Figure 1: Molecular structure, HOMO, LUMO & ESP of the 15 molecules.

Figure 2: HOMO & LUMO at B3LYP/6-311G(d,p)

Figure 3: HOMO & LUMO at B3LYP/6-311++G(2d,2p)

Figure 4: HOMO & LUMO at B3LYP/6-311++G(3df,3pdp).

  Figure 5: the longest and shortest bond length

Figure 6: the different bonds length among the 15 molecules