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Outcomes in culprit only versus multivessel percutaneous coronary intervention in ST elevation myocardial infarction during index procedure

David Wong

Baylor College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Cardiology, Houston, TX, USA

E-mail : Mahboob.Alam@bcm.edu

Waqas Ahmad

Nishtar Medical College and Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Multan, Pakistan

Waleed Kayani

Baylor College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Cardiology, Houston, TX, USA

Ameera Ahmed

Baylor College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Cardiology, Houston, TX, USA

Ihab Hamzeh

Baylor College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Cardiology, Houston, TX, USA

Salim S. Virani

Baylor College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Cardiology, Houston, TX, USA

Hani Jneid

Baylor College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Cardiology, Houston, TX, USA

Nasser Lakkis

Baylor College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Cardiology, Houston, TX, USA

Mahboob Alam

Baylor College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Cardiology, Houston, TX, USA

DOI: 10.15761/VDT.1000102.

Article
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Abstract

Aims: Multivessel disease seen in 40 - 65% of STEMI patients is associated with higher mortality. ACC/AHA guidelines do not give clear indications regarding revascularization of non-infarct related arteries in the absence of cardiogenic shock while ESC/EACTS guidelines provide a class 2b recommendation for multivessel PCI in the primary intervention in select patients. This meta-analysis aims to evaluate the role of multivessel versus culprit only percutaneous intervention (PCI) in STEMI with multivessel disease.

Methods and results: Data from 12 studies enrolling 32,548 patients was examined. Multivessel PCI was defined as PCI of culprit and non-culprit lesions during the index procedure while culprit only PCI was defined as PCI of the infarct related vessel. In-hospital all-cause mortality (OR 0.59, CI 0.36 - 0.97) and 30 day MACE (OR 0.43, CI 0.19-0.99) favored culprit vessel only PCI compared to multivessel PCI, but this did not remain significantly lower at longer follow-up. The culprit only group experienced a lower rate of stent thrombosis (OR 0.41, CI 0.21 -0.78). At later follow-up, multivessel PCI was associated with lower cardiac death at 12-30 months (OR 2.58, CI 1.22 - 5.42) and lower rates of repeat revascularization at 2 – 2.5 years (OR 3.77, CI 2.26, 6.27).

Conclusion: In conclusion, this meta-analysis demonstrated lower in-hospital all-cause mortality and 30-day MACE events and higher repeat revascularization with culprit only PCI. However, multi-vessel PCI during the index procedure was associated with a lower risk of cardiac death at 12-30 months. Either approach is however safe as evidenced by comparable rates of all cause death, MI, stroke, MACE events, major bleeding or vascular complications at 12 months follow-up. A significant reduction in repeat revascularization and cardiac at later follow-up was seen in patients who underwent multivessel revascularization.

Key words

 culprit only, multivessel, percutaneous coronary intervention, ST elevation, myocardial infarction

Introduction

Primary percutaneous coronary intervention (p-PCI) of the culprit (infarct related) artery has become the standard of care for patients presenting with ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). Multivessel disease is seen in 40 to 65% of these patients during index angiography, and is associated with poor outcomes including higher mortality [1]. The American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association (ACC/AHA) guidelines on management of patients with STEMI are clear regarding percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) of the culprit artery in STEMI patients with multivessel disease; however, the guidelines do not give clear indications in support of or against revascularization of non-infarct related arteries with significant stenosis at the time of p-PCI in the absence of cardiogenic shock. They acknowledge the paucity of data on the subject which makes it hard to draw robust conclusions [1]. Meanwhile, the European Society of Cardiology/ European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery (ESC/EACTS) guidelines give a class 2b recommendation for multivessel PCI in the p-PCI in select patients [2,3]. Since the both guidelines were published, results from Randomized Trial of Preventive Angioplasty in Myocardial Infarction (PRAMI) and Randomized Trial of Complete Versus Lesion-Only Revascularization in Patients Undergoing Primary Percutaneous Coronary Intervention for STEMI and Multivessel Disease (CvLPRIT) trials have become available [3,4]. This meta-analysis seeks to evaluate the role of multivessel versus culprit only PCI in STEMI with multivessel disease during the index procedure.

Methods

Search strategy

A systematic search was performed to identify relevant studies in MEDLINE (PubMed), Cochrane Library, and Scopus from January 1, 2002 to March 31, 2015. Year 2002 was chosen as the initial year to focus on studies where drug eluting stents (DES) were commercially available for use. Medical Subject Heading (MeSH) keywords included were “myocardial infarction, culprit, multivessel, and PCI.” Studies were limited to adult humans and excluded studies in languages other than English when translations were not available. The initial search yielded 159 citations (Scopus 75, MEDLINE 72, and Cochrane 12). After reviewing titles and abstracts, 8 studies met inclusion criteria. A manual review of their references was conducted which resulted in the inclusion of 5 additional papers. However, one study was excluded because it did not provide outcomes of interest [5]. Figure 1 outlines the search methodology.

Figure 1. Literature search methodology.

Study selection

Two reviewers (D.W. and M.A.) independently reviewed the 12 studies. The included studies reported comparative outcomes for multivessel PCI versus culprit vessel only PCI in STEMI. Studies that focused on cardiogenic shock were excluded. All included studies either excluded cardiogenic shock or reported separate outcomes. The Newcastle Ottawa Scale was used to measure the quality of non-randomized studies. Multivessel PCI was defined as PCI of culprit and non-culprit lesions during the index procedure. Culprit only PCI was defined as PCI of the infarct related vessel during the index procedure.

We extracted baseline patient characteristics, treatment strategy, and outcome data from each included study. Primary clinical outcomes included all-cause mortality and MACE, defined as the composite end-point of death, non-fatal myocardial infarction (MI), or repeat revascularization. Secondary outcomes included cardiac death, non-fatal MI, stroke, repeat revascularization, stent thrombosis or symptomatic graft occlusion.

Endpoints such as contrast induced nephropathy and refractory angina were not evaluated due to paucity of data among the pooled studies or low number of events. Outcomes were reported at 30 days, and at 12, 24, 30 and 42 months when available. The studies’ defined end-points were used for the analyses.

Statistical analyses

Percentages and means ± SD were calculated to describe the distributions of categorical and continuous variables, respectively. Odds Ratios (OR) and their 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) were utilized to summarize the effect size for each clinical outcome at the corresponding time point using the random-effects model. Continuous variables were compared using the two-tailed independent samples Student's t test. Categorical variables were compared using the Chi-square test with Yates' correction or Fisher's exact test, when appropriate. Measures of heterogeneity calculated include Cochran's Q-statistic, the I2 index, and the tau-squared tests. I2 greater than or equal to 25% was considered as significant heterogeneity.

Publication bias was assessed using the Funnel Plot analysis for all-cause mortality and MACE. A p value ≤ 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Baseline data was analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Scientists (SPSS Inc., 19.0 for Windows). The meta-analyses were performed using Review Manager (version 5.0, Cochrane Collaboration).

Results

This analysis included a total of 12 studies (5 RCTs, 5 retrospective cohort studies, 1 prospective observational study, and 1 case control study) enrolling 32,548 patients. Of those 32,548 patients, 27,785 underwent culprit only and 4,763 patients underwent multivessel PCI in the index procedure for STEMI. Table 1 outlines basic characteristics and follow-up of the 12 studies. The Newcastle Ottawa Scale is provided in the supplement. All studies scored at least 7/9. Weighted pooled analysis of baseline characteristics are summarized in Table 2. Baseline characteristics of patient populations included in each individual study are available in the supplement.

First Author

Year

Design

Culprit only (n)

Multivessel PCI (n)

Region

Mean follow-up (months)

1

Abe D

2014

Retrospective cohort study

22

54

Japan

12*

2

Cavender MA

2009

Retrospective cohort study

25809

3134

USA

0**

3

Corpus RA

2004

Retrospective cohort study

354

26

USA

12

4

Di Mario C.

2004

Randomized controlled trial (HELP AMI)

17

52

Europe

12

5

Gerschlick AH

2015

Randomized controlled trial (CVLPRIT)

146

150

Europe

12

6

Hannan EL

2010

Case control study

503

503

USA

22*

7

Khattab AA

2008

Prospective observational study

45

28

Europe

12

8

Kornowski R

2011

Randomized control trial (Horizons-AMI)***

393

275

Asia, Europe, S. America, USA

12

9

Politi L

2010

Randomized control trial

84

65

Europe

30

10

Qarawani D

2008

Retrospective cohort study

25

95

Israel

12

11

Varani E

2008

Retrospective cohort study

156

147

Europe

20

12

Wald DS

2013

Randomized control trial (PRAMI)

231

234

Europe

23

* median follow-up

** in-hospital data only

*** post-hoc analysis

Table 1. Summary of studies included in meta-analysis.

The incidence of diabetes mellitus, previous cerebrovascular accident (CVA), triple vessel CAD, and Left Anterior Descending (LAD) artery as culprit lesion (Table 3) did not vary significantly between the two groups. Patients in the culprit only PCI group were more likely to have HTN, prior MI, prior angioplasty, and prior CABG. Patients in the multivessel PCI group were more likely to be male and have history of hyperlipidemia (HLD), tobacco use, and prior CVA.

 

Culprit Only

Multivessel

p

Mean Age

66.1

65.3

0.48

Male

20031/27622 (72.5%)

3534/4737 (74.6%)

0.003

DM

6310/26963 (23.4%)

926/4036 (22.9%)

0.5334

HTN

16929/26963 (62.8%)

2334/4087 (57.1%)

0.0001

HLD

12483/26648 (46.8%)

2026/3788 (53.5%)

0.0001

Tobacco Use

13286/26879 (49.4%)

2452/4022 (61%)

0.0001

Prior MI

5066/26817 (18.9%)

625/3942 (15.9%)

0.0001

Prior CABG

2571/26457 (9.7%)

193/3610 (5.3%)

0.0001

Prior CVA

2032/26756 (7.6%)

294/3925 (7.5%)

0.8432

Prior angioplasty

4529/26366 (17.2%)

528/3654 (14.4%)

0.0001

3v Dz

430/1427 (30.1%)

409/1328 (30.8%)

0.7357

LAD culprit

13910/26834 (51.8%)

1958/3844 (50.9%)

0.304

Table 2. Summary of baseline characteristics

Outcome

Follow-up

Studies

Patients

Event Rate Culprit Only

Event Rate Multivessel

Odds Ratio (Random)

Q (‡)

P(#)

I2(§)

τ2()

N / total

%

N / total

%

All-Cause Death

In-hospital

8

31237

642/27161

2.36

136/4076

3.34

0.59 (0.36 - 0 0.97)

14.52

0.04

52

0.21

30 - days

2

453

25/399

6.27

19876

11.11

0.41 (0.15 - 1.10)

1.19

0.28

16

 

12 - months

8

2886

118/1703

6.93

99/1183

8.37

0.60 (033-1.07)

17.79

0.01

61

0.37

24 - months 

2

1471

92/737

12.48

72/737

9.77

1.35 (0.43 -4.25)

11.45

0.0007

91

0.63

24–42 - months 

3

1620

126/818

15.40

94/802

11.72

1.53 (0.74 - 3.20)

9.82

0.007

80

0.32

MACE (*)

Short term (30-day or in-Hospital)

3

67

56/416

13.46

11/97

11.34

0.43 (0.19 - 0.99)

1.02

0.6

0

0

12 – months

5

1486

200/955

20.94

91/531

17.14

1.20 (0.66 - 2.18)

11.7

0.02

66

0.28

Myocardial infarction

In-hospital

3

569

14/396

3.54

4/173

2.31

2.32 (0.30 - 17.73)

2.44

0.12

59

1.29

12 - months

6

1760

47/1175

4.00

28/585

4.79

0.82 (0.50-1.36)

3.41

0.64

0

0

Non-fatal Stroke

Short term (30-day or in-Hospital)

3

29389

110/26201

0.42

13/3188

0.41

1.02 (0.58 - 1.81)

0.34

0.84

0

0

12 - months

3

1238

10/759

1.32

4/479

0.84

1.34 (0.39 -4.59)

0.23

0.89

0

0

Target Vessel Revascularization

30 - days

2

453

30/399

7.52

19784

5.56

1.12 (0.27 - 4.76)

0.77

0.38

0

0

12-month

5

1691

141/1158

12.18

47/533

8.82

1.18 (0.81 - 1.71)

2.68

0.61

0

0

Repeat Revascularization

In-hospital

3

262

20/87

22.99

14/175

8.00

2.48 (0.76 -8.14)

3.75

0.15

47

0.5

2 - 2.5 years

2

614

74/315

23.49

22/299

7.36

3.77 (2.26 - 6.27)

0.42

0.52

0

0

Cardiac Death

12-30 - months

3

910

27/461

5.86

10/449

2.23

2.58 (1.22 - 5.42)

0.34

0.84

0

0

Stent thrombosis

12 - months

2

942

21/613

3.43

22/329

6.69

0.41 (0.21 -0.78)

0.08

0.77

0

0

Major Bleeding

12 - months

3

1344

60/893

6.72

31/451

6.87

0.98 (0.50 - 1.93)

2.54

0.28

21

0.1

CABG

12-30 - months

2

529

44/438

10.05

33329

4.40

1.40 (0.44 - 4.40)

0.06

0.8

0

0

Vascular Complications

24 - months 

3

29619

1076/26312

4.09

156/3307

4.72

1.04 (0.54 - 2.02)

2.66

0.25

25

0.14

(*)Composite endpoint of death, non-fatal myocardial infarction, and repeat revascularization. (‡)Cochran’s Q-score for heterogeneity; (§)I2 index for degree of heterogeneity; () tau-squared measure of heterogeneity; # P-value for Cochran’s Q-score for heterogeneity

Table 3. Clinical outcomes in patients undergoing culprit only or multivessel PCI for STEMI.

Results of our meta-analysis show that in-hospital all-cause mortality was significantly lower in patients undergoing culprit vessel only PCI compared to patients who underwent multivessel PCI (OR 0.59, CI 0.36 - 0.97), but did not remain significantly lower at longer follow-up (30 days, 12 months, and 24 months) (Table 3, Figures 2a,2b). Short term (defined as in-hospital or at 30 days) MACE was significantly lower for the culprit only group (OR 0.43, CI 0.19-0.99), but had comparable rates at 1 year (OR 1.00, CI 0.57 - 1.74) (Figures 3a,3b). Culprit only group experienced a lower rate of stent thrombosis (OR 0.41, CI 0.21 -0.78), but this outcome was only reported by 2 of the 12 studies (Figure 4). Multivessel PCI was associated with lower cardiac death at 12-30 months (OR 2.58, CI 1.22 - 5.42) (Figure 5). Multivessel PCI was also associated with lower rates of repeat revascularization at 2 – 2.5 years (OR 3.77, CI 2.26, 6.27) (Figures 6a, 6b).

Figure 2. All-Cause Mortality (a) All-Cause Mortality (In-Hospital). Culprit only is associated with lower all cause in-hospital mortality compared to multivessel PCI for STEMI. (b) All-Cause Mortality (12 Months). Culprit only and multivessel PCI were associated with similar all-cause mortality at 12 months.

Figure 3. MACE  3(a) MACE (Short Term, 30-Day or In-Hospital). Culprit only was associated with lower short term (30 day or in-hospital) MACE compared to multivessel. (b) MACE (12 Months). Culprit only and multi-vessel were associated with similar rate of MACE at 12 months.

Figure 4. Stent Thrombosis (12 Months). Culprit only was associated with lower stent thrombosis at 12 months compared to multivessel PCI for STEMI.

Figure 5. Cardiac Death (12 -30 months). Multivessel PCI was associated with a lower rate of cardiac death at 23-36 months compared to culprit only PCI.

Figure 6.  Revascularization  (a) Target Vessel Revascularization (12 months). Culprit only and multivessel PCI were associated with similar target vessel revascularization at 12 months. (b). Total Repeat Revascularization (2 - 2.5 years). Multivessel PCI was associated a lower rate of repeat revascularization at longer term follow-up (23-36 months) than culprit only PCI.

Figure 7.  Funnel Plots (a) All Cause Mortality (Inhospital). (b) MACE (12 Months). a-b. We are comparing the odds ratio (x axis) of individual studies to standard error of odds ratio (y-axis) on logarithmic scale.  Visual inspection shows the studies are evenly distributed around no effect line, thus favoring lack of selection bias.

The two groups had comparable rates of non-fatal MI, non-fatal stroke, target vessel revascularization, and major bleeding at 12 months follow-up (Table 3). Similarly, rates of CABG and vascular complications at 12-30 months follow-up were not significantly different between groups (Figures 7a, 7b).

Discussion

In our meta-analysis of 12 studies and 32,548 patients we found that culprit only PCI compared to multivessel PCI in the setting of STEMI was associated with a significantly lower incidence of in-hospital all-cause mortality and 30-day MACE events. However, overall mortality and MACE did not differ significantly at 12 months and beyond. The mitigation of the positive outcomes at 30 days was largely driven by a higher incidence of repeat revascularization in the culprit only PCI group at 2 – 2.5 years. Interestingly, multivessel PCI was associated with a lower isolated risk of cardiac death at 12- 30 months and a higher rate of stent thrombosis at 12 months. The longer procedural time and greater number of stents deployed may worsen short-term outcomes with multivessel PCI, but improvement in outcomes at later follow-up intervals may be due to more complete revascularization. Complete revascularization when compared to incomplete revascularization in the setting of both CABG and PCI, is associated with improved mortality, decreased revascularization, and a lower rate of reinfarction [6].

Significant coronary stenosis in multiple arteries is seen in 40–65% of patients undergoing primary PCI for STEMI and leads to significantly worse outcomes [7]. The 2013 ACCF/AHA guidelines for management of patients with STEMI acknowledged the variability in the evaluation and management of non-culprit coronary artery disease in hemodynamically stable patients with STEMI [1]. However, the 2012 appropriate use criteria for coronary revascularization deemed revascularization of a non-culprit artery during index hospitalization as inappropriate [7]. Both ACCF/AHA and ESC/EACTS guidelines have reiterated the need for additional evidence to clarify the indications for and timing of non-infarct artery revascularization [1,2]. Indeed, the results of two randomized controlled trials have since become available on the subject.

Existing studies have shown mixed results with some favoring culprit only and other favoring multivessel PCI. The studies have been limited either by observational design and the consequent selection bias [5,8-13] or a small sample size [14-17] with inadequate power to demonstrate a significant difference in hard end points like mortality or recurrent myocardial infarction. Both, culprit only and multivessel revascularization have their set of advantages and pitfalls. With a complete multivessel revascularization approach, an improvement in blood flow to the peri-infarct myocardium and stabilization of unstable, non-culprit plaques, seen in greater than 1/3rd of patients with STEMI, can be achieved. Moreover, there is data from smaller studies indicating a significant improvement in ejection fraction with an initial multivessel PCI approach [18]. However, multivessel PCI has longer procedural time, higher risk for contrast induced nephropathy, and possibility of failed revascularization of non-culprit arteries. Furthermore, our meta-analysis found a higher rate of stent thrombosis in the multivessel group, likely related to the higher number of deployed stents. However, this was based on two 2 studies with limited events and therefore this finding may lack statistical power. Our meta-analysis helps put the findings of these important trials in perspective by addressing the limitations in these important outcomes.

This meta-analysis has a few limitations. First, as in all meta-analysis, publication bias associated with individual studies is inevitably inherent. Second, the included studies differed in inclusion/exclusion criteria or in the duration of follow-up. To minimize heterogeneity we only included studies where drug eluting stents were used and applied a random-effects model to account for inherent heterogeneity in the data. In addition, various outcomes were only pooled when available at pre-defined follow-up periods. Third, although a significant reduction in cardiovascular mortality is seen in our results, a limited number of studies (4 with a total of 979 patients) provided this outcome. Lastly, there was limited data on secondary outcomes such as stent thrombosis, major bleeding, contrast volume and vascular complications. Therefore the reduction in cardiovascular mortality and stent thrombosis as seen in our study is best considered hypothesis generating at this point. Enrollment in the Complete Versus Culprit-Only Revascularization to Treat Multivessel Disease After Primary PCI for STEMI (COMPLETE) trial is underway, which is expected to enroll 3,900 patients and is expected to be powered for outcomes such as long term myocardial infarction and cardiovascular mortality [18].

In conclusion, this meta-analysis demonstrated lower in-hospital all-cause mortality and 30-day MACE events and higher repeat revascularization with culprit only PCI. However, multi-vessel PCI during the index procedure was associated with a lower risk of cardiac death at 12-30 months. Either approach is however safe as evidenced by comparable rates of all cause death, MI, stroke, MACE events, major bleeding or vascular complications at 12 months follow-up. A significant reduction in repeat revascularization and cardiac at later follow-up was seen in patients who underwent multivessel revascularization.

View supplementary Table

References

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Editorial Information

Editor-in-Chief

WILBERT S. ARONOW
New York Medical College

Article Type

Research Article

Publication history

Received: November 1, 2016
Accepted: November 7, 2016
Published: November 10, 2016

Copyright

©2016 Wong D. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

Citation

Wong D, Ahmad W, Kayani W, Ahmed A, Hamzeh I, et al. (2016) Exercise Rehabilitation for the Treatment of Intermittent Claudication due to Peripheral Arterial Disease of the Lower Extremities. Vascul Dis Ther 1: DOI: 10.15761/VDT.1000102.

Corresponding author

Mahboob Alam

Section of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA, Tel: (1)717-798-0280

E-mail : Mahboob.Alam@bcm.edu

First Author

Year

Design

Culprit only (n)

Multivessel PCI (n)

Region

Mean follow-up (months)

1

Abe D

2014

Retrospective cohort study

22

54

Japan

12*

2

Cavender MA

2009

Retrospective cohort study

25809

3134

USA

0**

3

Corpus RA

2004

Retrospective cohort study

354

26

USA

12

4

Di Mario C.

2004

Randomized controlled trial (HELP AMI)

17

52

Europe

12

5

Gerschlick AH

2015

Randomized controlled trial (CVLPRIT)

146

150

Europe

12

6

Hannan EL

2010

Case control study

503

503

USA

22*

7

Khattab AA

2008

Prospective observational study

45

28

Europe

12

2021 Copyright OAT. All rights reserv

8

Kornowski R

2011

Randomized control trial (Horizons-AMI)***

393

275

Asia, Europe, S. America, USA

12

9

Politi L

2010

Randomized control trial

84

65

Europe

30

10

Qarawani D

2008

Retrospective cohort study

25

95

Israel

12

11

Varani E

2008

Retrospective cohort study

156

147

Europe

20

12

Wald DS

2013

Randomized control trial (PRAMI)

231

234

Europe

23

* median follow-up

** in-hospital data only

*** post-hoc analysis

Table 1. Summary of studies included in meta-analysis.

 

Culprit Only

Multivessel

p

Mean Age

66.1

65.3

0.48

Male

20031/27622 (72.5%)

3534/4737 (74.6%)

0.003

DM

6310/26963 (23.4%)

926/4036 (22.9%)

0.5334

HTN

16929/26963 (62.8%)

2334/4087 (57.1%)

0.0001

HLD

12483/26648 (46.8%)

2026/3788 (53.5%)

0.0001

Tobacco Use

13286/26879 (49.4%)

2452/4022 (61%)

0.0001

Prior MI

5066/26817 (18.9%)

625/3942 (15.9%)

0.0001

Prior CABG

2571/26457 (9.7%)

193/3610 (5.3%)

0.0001

Prior CVA

2032/26756 (7.6%)

294/3925 (7.5%)

0.8432

Prior angioplasty

4529/26366 (17.2%)

528/3654 (14.4%)

0.0001

3v Dz

430/1427 (30.1%)

409/1328 (30.8%)

0.7357

LAD culprit

13910/26834 (51.8%)

1958/3844 (50.9%)

0.304

Table 2. Summary of baseline characteristics

Outcome

Follow-up

Studies

Patients

Event Rate Culprit Only

Event Rate Multivessel

Odds Ratio (Random)

Q (‡)

P(#)

I2(§)

τ2()

N / total

%

N / total

%

All-Cause Death

In-hospital

8

31237

642/27161

2.36

136/4076

3.34

0.59 (0.36 - 0 0.97)

14.52

0.04

52

0.21

30 - days

2

453

25/399

6.27

19876

11.11

0.41 (0.15 - 1.10)

1.19

0.28

16

 

12 - months

8

2886

118/1703

6.93

99/1183

8.37

0.60 (033-1.07)

17.79

0.01

61

0.37

24 - months 

2

1471

92/737

12.48

72/737

9.77

1.35 (0.43 -4.25)

11.45

0.0007

91

0.63

24–42 - months 

3

1620

126/818

15.40

94/802

11.72

1.53 (0.74 - 3.20)

9.82

0.007

80

0.32

MACE (*)

Short term (30-day or in-Hospital)

3

67

56/416

13.46

11/97

11.34

0.43 (0.19 - 0.99)

1.02

0.6

0

0

12 – months

5

1486

200/955

20.94

91/531

17.14

1.20 (0.66 - 2.18)

11.7

0.02

66

0.28

Myocardial infarction

In-hospital

3

569

14/396

3.54

4/173

2.31

2.32 (0.30 - 17.73)

2.44

0.12

59

1.29

12 - months

6

1760

47/1175

4.00

28/585

4.79

0.82 (0.50-1.36)

3.41

0.64

0

0

Non-fatal Stroke

Short term (30-day or in-Hospital)

3

29389

110/26201

0.42

13/3188

0.41

1.02 (0.58 - 1.81)

0.34

0.84

0

0

12 - months

3

1238

10/759

1.32

4/479

0.84

1.34 (0.39 -4.59)

0.23

0.89

0

0

Target Vessel Revascularization

30 - days

2

453

30/399

7.52

19784

5.56

1.12 (0.27 - 4.76)

0.77

0.38

0

0

12-month

5

1691

141/1158

12.18

47/533

8.82

1.18 (0.81 - 1.71)

2.68

0.61

0

0

Repeat Revascularization

In-hospital

3

262

20/87

22.99

14/175

8.00

2.48 (0.76 -8.14)

3.75

0.15

47

0.5

2 - 2.5 years

2

614

74/315

23.49

22/299

7.36

3.77 (2.26 - 6.27)

0.42

0.52

0

0

Cardiac Death

12-30 - months

3

910

27/461

5.86

10/449

2.23

2.58 (1.22 - 5.42)

0.34

0.84

0

0

Stent thrombosis

12 - months

2

942

21/613

3.43

22/329

6.69

0.41 (0.21 -0.78)

0.08

0.77

0

0

Major Bleeding

12 - months

3

1344

60/893

6.72

31/451

6.87

0.98 (0.50 - 1.93)

2.54

0.28

21

0.1

CABG

12-30 - months

2

529

44/438

10.05

33329

4.40

1.40 (0.44 - 4.40)

0.06

0.8

0

0

Vascular Complications

24 - months 

3

29619

1076/26312

4.09

156/3307

4.72

1.04 (0.54 - 2.02)

2.66

0.25

25

0.14

(*)Composite endpoint of death, non-fatal myocardial infarction, and repeat revascularization. (‡)Cochran’s Q-score for heterogeneity; (§)I2 index for degree of heterogeneity; () tau-squared measure of heterogeneity; # P-value for Cochran’s Q-score for heterogeneity

Table 3. Clinical outcomes in patients undergoing culprit only or multivessel PCI for STEMI.

Study

Year

Selection

Comparability

Outcome/ Exposure

Total

Abe D.

2014

4

0

3

7

Cavender MA

2009

4

0

3

7

Corpus RA

2004

4

0

3

7

Hannan EL

2010

4

2

3

9

Khattab AA

2008

4

0

3

7

Qarawani D

2008

4

0

3

7

Varani E

2008

4

0

3

7

Table 1. Newcastle ottawa scale for non-randomized studies.

Author

PCI Vessels

n

Age (years)

Male (n)

DM (n)

HTN (n)

HLD (n)

Tobacco use (n)

Abe 2014

Culprit

220

68.6±11.7

170

95

145

116

132

Multivessel

54

72±11.7

42

27

34

26

31

Cavender 2009

Culprit

25802

62

18603

6038

16307

12120

12720

Multivessel

3134

60

2241

774

1893

1771

1981

Corpus 2004

Culprit

354

63±14

245

60

194

194

238

Multivessel

26

Di Mario 2004

Culprit

17

65.3±7.4

14

7

10

9

14

Multivessel

52

63.5±12.4

46

6

19

21

35

Gerschlick 2015

Culprit

146

65.3±11.9

112

20

51

34

37

Multivessel

150

64.6±11.2

128

19

54

41

50

Hannan 2010

Culprit

503

396

Multivessel

503

377

Khattab 2008

Culprit

45

65±13

35

7

37

36

18

Multivessel

28

69±12

21

2

21

22

10

Kornowoski 2011

Culprit

393

63

318

71

226

164

247

Multivessel

275

0

291

42

151

132

169

Politi 2010

Culprit

84

66.5±13.2

64

20

50

Multivessel

65

64.5±11.7

50

9

32

Qarawani 2008

Culprit

25

57±3.7

16

4

10

4

15

Multivessel

95

66±3.2

62

12

36

13

58

Varani 2008

Culprit

156

69.8±13

117

Multivessel

147

68.7±13

99

Wald 2013

Culprit

231

63

186

48

93

103

Multivessel

234

62

177

35

94

118

Author

PCI Vessels

Prior MI (n)

Prior CABG (n)

Prior CVA (n)

Prior angioplasty (n)

3v Dz (n)

LVEF (n)

Killip class

LAD culprit (n)

Abe 2014

Culprit

27

1

18

70

51.4

28 ≥ 3

85

Multivessel

4

1

8

18

49.2

14 ≥ 3

16

Cavender 2009

Culprit

4980

2554

1987

4490

13520

Multivessel

545

160

257

473

1630

Corpus 2004

Culprit

76

15

35

3.4  ≥4

Multivessel

Di Mario 2004

Culprit

2

8

48.9

3 of 2-3

10

Multivessel

12

16

48.4

10 of 2-3

27

Gerschlick 2015

Culprit

5

3

36

Multivessel

7

6

31

Hannan 2010

Culprit

17

133

13 were 2-3

70

Multivessel

19

129

10 were 2-3

64

Khattab 2008

Culprit

22

Multivessel

12

Kornowoski 2011

Culprit

31

11

31

58.6

7.1  ≥2

138

Multivessel

26

9

31

57.4

10.6 ≥ 2

112

Politi 2010

Culprit

21

44.6

1.48

Multivessel

19

45.4

1.24

Qarawani 2008

Culprit

7

3

5

11

13

Multivessel

24

11

18

41

48

Varani 2008

Culprit

53

Multivessel

52

Wald 2013

Culprit

16

10

76

74

Multivessel

19

10

91

61

Table 2. Baseline characteristics of patients with culprit only and multivessel PCI.

Figure 1. Literature search methodology.

Figure 2. All-Cause Mortality (a) All-Cause Mortality (In-Hospital). Culprit only is associated with lower all cause in-hospital mortality compared to multivessel PCI for STEMI. (b) All-Cause Mortality (12 Months). Culprit only and multivessel PCI were associated with similar all-cause mortality at 12 months.

Figure 3. MACE  3(a) MACE (Short Term, 30-Day or In-Hospital). Culprit only was associated with lower short term (30 day or in-hospital) MACE compared to multivessel. (b) MACE (12 Months). Culprit only and multi-vessel were associated with similar rate of MACE at 12 months.

Figure 4. Stent Thrombosis (12 Months). Culprit only was associated with lower stent thrombosis at 12 months compared to multivessel PCI for STEMI.

Figure 5. Cardiac Death (12 -30 months). Multivessel PCI was associated with a lower rate of cardiac death at 23-36 months compared to culprit only PCI.

Figure 6.  Revascularization  (a) Target Vessel Revascularization (12 months). Culprit only and multivessel PCI were associated with similar target vessel revascularization at 12 months. (b). Total Repeat Revascularization (2 - 2.5 years). Multivessel PCI was associated a lower rate of repeat revascularization at longer term follow-up (23-36 months) than culprit only PCI.

Figure 7.  Funnel Plots (a) All Cause Mortality (Inhospital). (b) MACE (12 Months). a-b. We are comparing the odds ratio (x axis) of individual studies to standard error of odds ratio (y-axis) on logarithmic scale.  Visual inspection shows the studies are evenly distributed around no effect line, thus favoring lack of selection bias.