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Ophthalmic diagnosis and medication use: How much do patients know?

Samuel Kyei

Department of Optometry, School of Allied Health Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana

E-mail : skyei@ucc.edu.gh>

Yaw Asamoah

Department of Geography and Regional Planning, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana

Felix Amoah

Department of Optometry, School of Allied Health Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana

Stephen Ocansey

Department of Geography and Regional Planning, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana

Department of Vision and Hearing Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, UK

Samuel Bert Boadi-Kusi

Department of Optometry, School of Allied Health Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana

DOI: 10.15761/NFO.1000111

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Abstract

Purpose

 Review patients in hospitals of Ghana mostly do not have adequate knowledge of their diagnosis or have insufficient information about their medications. This study therefore aimed at assessing Ghanaian Ophthalmic Patients’ knowledge of their ocular diagnosis and prescribed medications at their point of discharge.

Method

 The study was a hospital-based cross-sectional survey involving 420 Review Ophthalmic Patients from four major teaching hospitals in Ghana. A semi-structured questionnaire was used to collect data on their demographics, knowledge of their ocular conditions, prescribed medications and source of their knowledge.

Results

 Out of the 420 participants, 219 (52.1%) could name their diagnosis correctly whilst the remaining 201 (47.9%) were unaware of their diagnosis. Majority (60.0%) did not know the names of their prescribed medications. Up to 85.0% of the total respondents did not know any possible adverse effect of their medication. One’s level of formal education and age enhanced their knowledge of medications and its possible side effects (p=0.000).

Conclusion

 There was a general lack of knowledge among Ghanaian Ophthalmic patients regarding their diagnosis, names and adverse effects of medications.

Key words

prognosis, health promotion, illiteracy, contraindications, side effects

Introduction

Patient education seen as an integral part of contemporary healthcare has two components- Clinical Patient Education (CPE) and Health Education. Clinical education is patient focussed and happens in a clinical setting. It encompasses the communication between healthcare providers and their patients and/or the patients’ family regarding the patient’s evaluation, diagnoses, prognosis, and specific needs associated with recommended interventions [1]. Health education on the other hand centres on wellness, prevention and health promotion [1].

It is widely acknowledged that patients acquire information on their disease condition and medical therapy from several sources which ultimately impact their knowledge. Nevertheless, there are concerns about the clarity, reliability and difficulty in understanding information sourced. Findings from our previous study among Ophthalmic Patients in Ghana indicated that Patient Information Leaflets (PILs) is beset with readability and comprehensibility issues rendering them less effective as an educational material except among the highly educated [2]. However in Ghana,total adult literacy rate is about 71.1%, but secondary school participation is less than 50% of the population [3].

In the wake of these challenges associated with written information among less educated individuals, the use of medical jargons and layout setback in some PILs which may affect the retrieval of relevant information especially among ophthalmic patients, most of whom suffer from visual impairment; CPE remains the obvious conduit of informing patients [4].

In Ghana as in many developing nations, it is not uncommon to come across patients with history of eye disease management but are unaware of their diagnosis and the treatment given. It has been reported that lack of communication between health care providers and patients results in non-adherence which accounts for up to 55% of all abuses of prescribed drugs [5,6]. Educating the patients about their health status and medication use improve their knowledge about their condition, reduce anxiety and achieve increase participation in their therapy to enhance prognosis [7,8].

Successful patient education and/or counselling can be evaluated by measurable outcomes, such as: knowledge, changes in attitudes and behaviour and adherence to medical therapy. However, the most widespread approach to evaluate patient education is to assess the patients’ knowledge and understanding of their medical therapy [9].

This study was therefore designed to assess the knowledge of Review Ophthalmic Patients on their ocular diagnosis, treatment plan (names and purpose of their medications), contraindications and common side effects of their prescribed medications at the point of discharge in selected eye care facilities.

Materials and methods

Study population

The study population was ophthalmic patients reporting to the four teaching hospitals in the Ghana. These teaching Hospitals included the Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital (KBTH), Cape Coast Teaching Hospital (CCTH), KomfoAnokye Teaching Hospital (KATH), and Tamale Teaching Hospital (TTH). Ghana has ten administrative regions Ghana, but is usually subdivided into two demographic sectors, namely the Northern and Southern sectors. Two of the selected hospitals  (Tamale Teaching Hospital and KomfoAnokye Teaching Hospital) cater for the northern sector whiles the other two (Cape Coast Teaching Hospital and Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital) serve the southern sector. In addition these selected hospitals are homogenous in the services they provide and have the full complement of eye care staff with the requisite logistics for the provision of comprehensive eye care.

Sample size determination and subject selection

The minimum sample size for the study was obtained by the formula n= [(1.96)2 P(100-P)]/ d2. Where,

  • P= proportion of the population in percentage
  • d= degree of sampling error

Assuming that half of the patients (based on previous annual records of attendance Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital [KBTH]; 29800, KomfoAnokye Teaching Hospital [KATH]; 26553; Cape Coast Teaching Hospital [CCTH]; 5803, Tamale Teaching Hospital [TTH]; 8055: totalling 70211) who came to the various eye clinics would be available for the study, taking a confidence level of 95% and a sampling error of 5%, the minimum sample size was computed as 384. However, the sample size was adjusted to 420 to make for attrition rate.

A proportionate sampling was then used to determine the number for each facility using records of average annual attendance to each of these facilities (KBTH; 170, KATH 160; CCTH; 40; TTH; 50). Then, at the registry or records department, the allocated number of patients to each facility was randomly selected by lottery system. Participants were informed about the rationale of the study in the waiting area after balloting was done. The selection was done before patient-doctor consultation but the questionnaires were completed at discharge. This was done until the expected number for each facility was obtained. This process span for a maximum period of two weeks in each selected facility.

Study design

The study was a hospital-based cross sectional survey involving Review Ophthalmic Patients. Data was collected using a semi structured questionnaire which was in two parts. The first part (Section A) focussed on patients’ demographics such as age, gender, educational status, occupation, marital status and others. The second part (Section B) asked questions regarding patients’ knowledge of their diagnoses, common side effects, contraindications, precautions on their medication use at their point of discharge. A translated version of the questionnaire (in the local dialects) was used in situations where the patients could not read or write English. Those who were illiterate in both English and local had the translated version of the questionnaire read out to them for their response.

Inclusion criteria

All review patients aged 18 years or older (who were prescribed with ophthalmic medication) or any other medications for the purpose of managing their ocular ailment.

Ethical consideration

Ethical approval for the study was acquired from the Department of Optometry Ethics Review Committee of the University of Cape Coast (Ref No. FYP/15/005) and the research was performed in accordance with Helsinki Declaration on Research Regarding Human Subjects. A detailed rationale for the study was explained to respondents, after which respondents who agreed to participate signed a consent form. Confidentiality was ensured, and those who had inadequate knowledge were educated on their ocular disorder and medication use.

Results

Demographic characteristics

A total of 420 respondent participated in the study of which 204 (48.6%) were males and 216 (51.4%) were females. The mean age was 38.69 with standard deviation (SD) of ± 18.891. Almost half (49.3%) of the participants were youth (18-35 years), 31.0% were adults (36-59 years) and the aged group (60+) were 19.8%. One hundred and twenty seven, (30.2%) had formal education up to secondary level, vocational or technical training. Another 110 (26.2%) had tertiary or post-secondary education, whilst 100 (23.8%) of the respondents had basic education. Eighty three, (19.8%) who had no formal education. Among the gender, 35 (17.2%) of the male respondents had no formal education whilst 48 (22.2%) of the female respondents had no formal education. Also, 61 (29.9%) of the males had tertiary education whilst 49 (22.7%) of the females had tertiary education. There was no statistical difference between the education levels of the male and female respondents (x2=4.377, p=0.224).

Out of the 420 participants, 32.1% were students. Some 17.6% were unskilled labourers, 15.2% were skilled labourers, 13.8% had no employment, 11.7% were self-employed, 8.1% retired workers, and 1.4% were occupied by clerical duties.

Clinical patient education

Two hundred and forty one (57.4%) of the 420 reported they were given some education or information about their prescribed medication by healthcare provider while 179 (42.6%) said they were not given any education or information at all. Out of the 241 who reported they had been educated on the use of their medications, 149 (61.8%) received it from the doctor they consulted, 39 (16.2%) from the pharmacist at the dispensary, 40(16.6%) indicated they were educated by both the doctor and pharmacist and 13 (5.4%) by other health care providers (mainly nurses). The majority (181, 75.1%) of respondents who received any education, reported it was solely verbal education, while 19 (7.9%) were educated by written means only, and 41 (17.0%) were educated by both verbal and written means.

Majority (223 out of 241, 92.5%) of the respondents who were given drug instructions reported that the information given was clear and understandable. However, it was solely on dosage of their medication as reported by (127 out of the 241), 52.7% of the respondents, 17% (41 of 241) said the education was on safety precautions of drug application, 7.1% (17 of 241) also said it was on medication handling and storage, 2.1% (5 of 241) on side effects and contraindications of drugs, 1.7% (4 of 241) on mechanism of drug action. Only 17% (41 of 241) reported receiving multiples information of dosage, safety precaution, medication handling and storage. Six (2.4%) were not clear what information they had received.

Evaluation f patients’ knowledge

The study found that 219 of the 420 (52.1%) respondents could name their diagnosis correctly whilst the remaining 201 (47.9%) could not. About a third (n=143, 34.0%) of the respondents knew the names of all their medications, a few (n=25, 6.0%) knew the names of some of their medications, and the majority (n=252, 60.0%) did not know the names of their medications. About a quarter (n=63, 15.0%) of the respondents knew at least one major adverse effect of their medication, with the majority (n=357, 85.0%) of the total respondents unaware of any adverse effect associated with the use of their medication/s. The ocular diseases/disorders named included glaucoma or ocular hypertension, allergy or dry eyes, cataract, eyelid diseases and infectious conjunctivitis (Figure 1).

Figure 1. Distribution of respondents’ conditions.

The major classes of medications given to the respondents were anti-glaucoma, artificial tears, antibiotics, anti-allergic agents and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Most of the participants (222 out of 420, 52.9%) of the respondents, were using one drug for their disease/disorder. Others 144 (34.3%) were using two, 38 (9.0%) were using three, 15 (3.6%) were using four and only 1 (0.2%) was using five different ophthalmic medications.

Factors influencing patients knowledge

The less the number of prescribed medicine to a patient the better their knowledge of their medication name (x2=47.401, p<0.001). Patients’ knowledge of the name of the prescribed medication declined with polypharmacy from 44.2% among single drug users to 28.5% among those using two medications, 15.8% among those using 3 medications, and 6.7% (6.6 fold decline) among those using more than 3 different medications. However, there was no significant (p=0.87) association between number of medication used and the respondents’ knowledge of their diagnosis.

Some 55.9% (114 of 204) of the male respondents knew their diagnoses while less than half, 48.6% (105 of 216) the female respondents knew their diagnoses. Pearson’s chi square test for association revealed no significant (x2=2.223, p=0.136, df=1) association between the gender and the respondents’ knowledge of their diagnoses. Similarly, there was no significant (p=0.662) association between gender and the participants’ knowledge of the common side effects of their medications but males had better (p=0.02) knowledge of medication name.

It was evident from the study that respondents knowledge of their diagnoses improved with advancing age as 47.3% of the youth (18-35 years) knew of their diagnosis, (49.2%) among the adults (36-59 years) and (68.7%) of the aged (60+ years) had knowledge of their diagnosis. Advancing age was significantly (p=0.003) associated with one’s knowledge of his/her diagnoses. Again the aged were more likely to know common side effects of their medication than the other age groups (p=0.008) but not the name of their medication (p=0.310).There was a significant association between the education level and the knowledge of conditions of the respondents. Respondents’ knowledge of their diagnoses increased with increasing level of education (Table 1).

Frequency (percentage %) of respondents with knowledge of condition

Education level

Yes

No

Total

No formal education

30 (36.1%)

53 (63.9%)

83 (100%)

Elementary

53 (53.0%)

47 (47.0%)

100 (100%)

Secondary

66 (52.0%)

61 (48.0%)

127 (100%)

Tertiary

70 (63.6%)

40 (36.4%)

110 (100%)

Total

219 (52.1%)

201 (47.9%)

420 (100%)

Table 1.Education level and knowledge of respondents’ diagnoses.

                       (x2=14.367, p=0.02, df=3)

Only 10.0% (9 of 83) of the respondents with no formal education knew the names of all their medications as against 50.9% (56 of 110) of the respondents with tertiary education. Higher educational level was found to be associated (p=0.000) with one’s ability to recall the name of his/her medication.

The unemployed had the least knowledge of their disorder (25 of 58, 43.1%) followed by the unskilled labourers (32 of 74, 43.2%), then students (62 of 135, 45.9%). Those who were self-employed 49.0% (24 of 49) knew about their diagnoses. Four out of the six, (66.7%), who were engaged by clerical duties, 71.9 %, (46 of 64,) of skilled labourers, and 75.5%, (26 of 34) retirees  knew their diagnoses. One’s occupation was found to be associated (p=0.000) with knowledge of their diagnosis. In a multiple logistic regression analysis, respondent’s level of education was the predictive factor of one’s knowledge of his/her drug name. Respondents with basic education, secondary or tertiary education are 3.5, 6.7, 9.3 more likely to know the name of their drug compared to those with no formal of education (Table 2).

Demographics

Odds ratio

S.E

P-value

95% CI

Age group

Youth

Adult

Aged

1.00

1.391

1.233

-

0.461

0.507

-

0.319

0.611

0.727- 2.664

0.551- 2.761

Gender

Female

Male

1.00

1.207

-

0.266

-

0.393

0.784- 1.859

Education level

No formal education

Basic education

Secondary

Tertiary

1.00

3.461

6.665

9.272

-

1.491

2.865

4.202

-

0.004

0.000

0.000

1.487- 8.052

2.870- 15.476

3.815- 22.537

Occupation

Unemployed

Student

Retired

Unskilled

Skilled

Self-employed

1.00

1.117

1.874

0.735

1.648

0.445

-

0.468

0.972

0.326

0.753

0.229

-

0.792

0.226

0.487

0.274

0.115

0.491- 2.538

0.678- 5.181

0.308- 1.753

0.673- 4.037

0.163- 1.218

Table 2. Respondents’ demographics and knowledge of drug name.

Key: SE= Standard error                          CI= Confidence Interval

Multiple logistic regression analysis further indicated that an individual’s age was predictive of his/her knowledge of common side effects of their prescribed medication. The aged are 1.2 more likely to know about the common side effects of their drug compared to the youths whiles the unemployed and uneducated females in their youthful stage are 0.1 less likely to know the names of their medications (Table 3).

Demographics

Odds ratio

S.E

P-value

95% CI

Age group

Youth

Adult

Aged

1.00

0.410

1.215

-

0.181

0.451

-

0.043

0.601

0.173- 0.974

0.586- 2.516

Gender

Female

Male

1.00

0.860

-

0.241

-

0.591

0.497- 1.488

Educational level

No formal education

Basic education

Secondary

Tertiary

1.00

1.336

1.876

1.757

-

0.640

0.829

0.780

-

0.546

0.154

0.216

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0.522- 3.419

0.789- 4.460

0.720- 4.287

Occupation

Unemployed

Employed

1.00

1.042

-

0.329

-

0.896

0.561- 1.935

Table 3.Respondents’ demographics and knowledge of some adverse effects.

Key:SE= Standard error                           CI= Confidence Interval

Discussion

Although some studies have assessed patients’ knowledge of their prescribed medications, non has been conducted among ophthalmic patients despite its acknowledged importance in the overall care process [10]. The higher proportion of females than males in this study could reflect the general demographics in Ghana or due the health consciousness of females compared to their male counterparts [11,12]. Other studies have found a higher prevalence of eye diseases among females than males, though this study found no such correlation [13-16]. Studies have shown that patients are generally discontent with the clinical education given by health care providers even in cases where providers are convinced they have provided adequate information to their patients [17]. In this study, it was observed that most patient were educated on only some aspects of their medical therapy such as dosage, side effects, contraindication etc which reflected in the low knowledge of medication and disease condition among the respondents. A reason that could account for this is the low health care provider to patient ratio as practitioners tend to be the primary providers of Clinical Patient Education [18,19]. It obvious practitioners tend to be the primary providers of patient information [20]. Patients lack of knowledge on their diagnosis and medication implies poor informed consent which is more often than not deemed only important in cases where the procedure is insidious. It could due to pressure from having to attend to the large number of cases at a time. In the most ideal scenario patients are required to be informed of all medications with probable side effects, as well as before the commencement of diagnostic investigations that may lead to additional testing and/or invasive procedures [21-23].

Authorities in health care advice a change in patient-physician relationships from a dictatorial trend to a more shared communication [24-26]. It is the ideal way to reduce patient penchants and to enhance their comprehension of the risks and benefits of investigative and remedial options to address their fears [26]. Other studies have studied predictors of medication knowledge among chronic diseases including diabetes and found it to be associated with education level among other [27]. Here, the most important predictive factors of ophthalmic patients’ knowledge of their diagnoses and medical therapy were found to be age and educational level. Senility is associated with physiological and degenerative changes in the eye. The aged are therefore more affected by chronic eye diseases which require prolong management and frequent visits to the eye clinic, and as results have more information about their condition and medications than the other age groups. Higher education on the other hand is usually associated with the ability to read and comprehend sophisticated information. Since most PILs and patient educational materials are written in English, it was not unusual that educational level was strong predictor of patient’s knowledge [10].

From the finding of this investigation, it can be concluded that Ophthalmic Patients’ knowledge of their medication at the point of their discharge in Ghana was inadequate. More effort should be made to design patient tailored education which will inform them about their condition and medication use.

Acknowledgement

The author’s are grateful to Dr Agnes Awuah for her support in typesetting this manuscript.

Author’s contribution

SK conceived the idea, SK and YA designed the study. FA, SK, SO managed the acquisition of data, or analysis and interpretation of data. SB, FA, SK YA drafted the article. SB, SO, SK, YA revised it critically for important intellectual content, SK, YA, FA, SO, SB approved of the final version submitted.

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Editorial Information

Editor-in-Chief

James B. Aguayo-Martel California Northstate University College of Medicine

Article Type

Research Article

Publication history

Received date: November 24, 2015
Accepted date: December 11, 2015
Published date: December 15, 2015

Copyright

©2015 Kyei S. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

Citation

Kyei S, Asamoah Y, Amoah F, Ocansey S, Boadi-Kusi SB (2015 Ophthalmic diagnosis and medication use: How much do patients know?. New Front Ophthalmol 1: doi: 10.15761/NFO.1000111

Corresponding author

Samuel Kyei

Department of Optometry, School of Allied Health Sciences, University of Cape-Coast, Cape-Coast, Ghana, Tel: +233 243309718.

E-mail : skyei@ucc.edu.gh

Frequency (percentage %) of respondents with knowledge of condition

Education level

Yes

No

Total

No formal education

30 (36.1%)

53 (63.9%)

83 (100%)

Elementary

53 (53.0%)

47 (47.0%)

100 (100%)

Secondary

66 (52.0%)

61 (48.0%)

127 (100%)

Tertiary

70 (63.6%)

40 (36.4%)

110 (100%)

Total

219 (52.1%)

201 (47.9%)

420 (100%)

Table 1.Education level and knowledge of respondents’ diagnoses.

                       (x2=14.367, p=0.02, df=3)

Demographics

Odds ratio

S.E

P-value

95% CI

Age group

Youth

Adult

Aged

1.00

1.391

1.233

-

0.461

0.507

-

0.319

0.611

0.727- 2.664

0.551- 2.761

Gender

Female

Male

1.00

1.207

-

0.266

-

0.393

0.784- 1.859

Education level

No formal education

Basic education

Secondary

Tertiary

1.00

3.461

6.665

9.272

-

1.491

2.865

4.202

-

0.004

0.000

0.000

1.487- 8.052

2.870- 15.476

3.815- 22.537

Occupation

Unemployed

Student

Retired

Unskilled

Skilled

Self-employed

1.00

1.117

1.874

0.735

1.648

0.445

-

0.468

0.972

0.326

0.753

0.229

-

0.792

0.226

0.487

0.274

0.115

0.491- 2.538

0.678- 5.181

0.308- 1.753

0.673- 4.037

0.163- 1.218

Table 2. Respondents’ demographics and knowledge of drug name.

Key: SE= Standard error                          CI= Confidence Interval

Demographics

Odds ratio

S.E

P-value

95% CI

Age group

Youth

Adult

Aged

1.00

0.410

1.215

-

0.181

0.451

-

0.043

0.601

0.173- 0.974

0.586- 2.516

Gender

Female

Male

1.00

0.860

-

0.241

-

0.591

0.497- 1.488

Educational level

No formal education

Basic education

Secondary

Tertiary

1.00

1.336

1.876

1.757

-

0.640

0.829

0.780

-

0.546

0.154

0.216

0.522- 3.419

0.789- 4.460

0.720- 4.287

Occupation

Unemployed

Employed

1.00

1.042

-

0.329

-

0.896

0.561- 1.935

Table 3.Respondents’ demographics and knowledge of some adverse effects.

Key:SE= Standard error                           CI= Confidence Interval

Figure 1. Distribution of respondents’ conditions.