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Abstract

Objective: To identify potential responders in glycaemic variations to different premixed insulin analogues in penitents with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in Chinese population.

Methods: A total of 102 patients with longstanding T2DM were admitted to hospital. After baseline data were collected, patients received therapy with continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII) for 7 days. After 2 days of premixed insulin titration, patients were randomized to groups receiving either Novo Mix 30 or Humalog Mix 50 thrice-daily for 2 days. Then patients were crossed over for another 2 days. All patients were subjected 4 consecutive days continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) during the 4 days cross over study period.

Results: There were no differences in the 24-hrs mean blood glucose (MBG), the 24-h mean amplitude of glycemic excursions (MAGE), the time spent in hyperglycemia and the incremental area under curve (AUC) of either hyperglycemia or hypoglycemia within the two arms. Although CGM data showed that patients in Humalog Mix 50 arm experienced lower blood glucose concentrations in 1300 o’clock than that in Novo Mix 30 arm. Our data indicate that patients with T2DM treated with Mix 30 had similar blood glucose fluctuations when compared with that of Mix 50.

Key words

type 2 diabetes mellitus, premixed insulin analogues, glycaemic variations

Introduction

Many people with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) are still struggling to keep their blood glucose values in the target range. For patients in whom treatment with oral antihyperglycemic agents (OHAs) has failed, basal insulin is often recommended as the initial insulin therapy in Western countries [1], while premixed insulin analogues are an optional choice as the starter insulin for Asian patients[2,3]. A 24 week study shows that the thrice-daily premixed insulin analogue therapy achievement is non-inferior to basal-bolus therapy in the change of HbA1c from baseline in Asian patients with T2DM after optimal glycaemic control cannot be achieved by initial insulin therapy[4].

The clinical characteristics of T2DM in China seem to be quite different from those of Western countries. Nearly half newly diagnosed T2DM patients with only abnormal postprandial glucose concentrations[2], and isolated postprandial hyper glyceamia are more prominent in Chinese patients compared to white patients[2,5]. Thus, a mixture of rapid-acting and intermediate-acting insulin analogues are needed to overcome the increased postprandial glucose challenge. Premixed insulin analogues containing both basal and prandial insulin, with fasting and postprandial glucose concentration more closely mimic physiological insulin secretion. Consequently, premixed insulin analogue formulations combined at different blend ratios (biphasic insulin as part 70/30, Humalog Mix 25 and Humalog Mix 50) have become widely used in the Chinese population.

In this study, we performed continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) in patients with T2DM who treated with Mix 30 or Mix 50, to compare which premixed insulin analogue formulations smooth blood glucose fluctuations better.

Methods

A total of 102 patients with T2DM were admitted to hospital. After fasting blood samples were collected for measuring FBG and insulin, patients received therapy with continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII) for correction of hyperglycaemia. After 2 days of premixed insulin titration, patients were then randomized to receive either Novo Mix 30 (Novo Nordisk, Bagsværd, Denmark) or Humalog Mix 50 (humalogÒ Mix50^TM, Eli Lilly and Company, IN, USA) thrice-daily for 2 days. Then patients were crossed over to the other study arm for another 2 days. All subjects were instructed to maintain a similar level of physical activity and received meals consisting of the same nutritional value, and equivalent carbohydrate intake during the study. The patients, aged 18-75 years with a body mass index (BMI), calculated as weight in kilograms divided by the square of height in meters, 18-35 kg/m², and HbA_1c range 9.0–12.0%. Patients were excluded if they had acute or severe chronic diabetic complications, serious systemic disease, or an assessment by the researchers were not suitable to participate were excluded[6,7]. The study was approved by the ethics committee of Nanjing First Hospital. Written informed consent was obtained from the patients prior to the study.

After five to seven days of CSII therapy, all patients achieved euglycemia control (the fasting capillary blood glucose was less than 6.1 mmol/L and capillary blood glucose at 2 h after each of three meals was less than 8.0 mmol/L[7,8]. Then Novo Mix 30 or Humalog Mix 50 thrice-daily was administered to all patients. The premixed insulin analogue dose titration period was 2 days. Initial Pre-mixed insulin analogue doses were calculated as 0.4–0.5 IU/kg, and doses were subsequently adapted according to plasma glucose values obtained by self-monitoring. Investigators administered titrated insulin doses on an individual-patient basis at the titration algorithm (if the fasting blood glucose level was less than 4.4 mmol/L), the insulin dose was reduced 2 units; if the fasting blood glucose level was within 4.4 to 6.1 mmol/L, the insulin dose was unchanged; if the fasting blood glucose level was within 6.2 to 7.8, 7.9 to 10.0, and >10.0 mmol/L, the insulin dose was increased subsequently by 2, 4, and 6 units, respectively). After 2 days of titration, pre-mixed insulin doses remained unchanged and were recorded. Patients were then randomized to receive either Novo Mix 30 or Humalog Mix 50 thrice-daily for 2 days. Then patients were crossed over to the other study arm for another 2 days.

All patients were subjected 4 consecutive days CGM (Medtronic Incorporated, Northridge, USA) in hospital by the specialist nurse during the 4 days cross over study period. Shortly, the CGM sensor was subcutaneously embedded at Day 0 around 16:00-17:00 PM. The patients continued with the sensors for 4 consecutive days, if CGM was going well. Subjects were instructed to keep the sensor fixed and waterproof. The study nurse inputted at least 4 calibration readings per day. At Day 4, around 16:00-17:00 PM, subjects had the sensor removed, and the CGMS data were saved by the investigator.

The 24 h mean blood glucose (MBG), 24 h mean amplitude of glycemic excursions (MAGE), the percentage time duration (%) and the incremental area under curve (AUC) of plasma glucose >10.0 mmol/L and <3.9 mmol/L was calculated by software given Medtronic Incorporated, and hypoglycemia episodes were also recorded. MAGE was calculated for each patient by measuring the arithmetic mean of the ascending and descending excursions between consecutive peaks and nadirs for the same 24 h period, and only absolute excursion values >1 SD were considered[9].

The primary endpoint was the differences of 24-h MAGE in each premixed insulin analogue group. Secondary endpoints were the hourly mean blood glucose concentrations, the 24-h MBG, the AUC and the time spent in hypoglycaemia and hyperglycaemia were also analyzed.

Statistical Analysis

Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS software (version 17.0; SPSS, Inc., Chicago, IL). Shapiro-Wilk test was used to assess the distribution of data. Normally distributed and continuous variables are presented as mean (standard deviation, SD). Non-normally distributed variables were presented as median (IQR) and logarithmically transformed before analysis. The independent samples t-test was used to compare each group’s difference. Bonferroni correction was followed. P values were two-tailed with a significance level of 5%.

Results

There were 102 patients who met the inclusion criteria (52 men and 50 women; mean age, 59.42±11.73 years; mean BMI, 23.00±7.25 kg/m²; mean duration of diabetes, 6.59±6.20 years; mean HbA1c_, 9.82±2.59%, mean fasting plasma glucose 11.62±3.36 mmol/L; and mean insulin dose, 0.60±0.31 IU/Kg*Day) were admitted to the study. All patients were admitted to the hospital and completed the study.

During the 4 days cross over period, patients received the same doses either Novo Mix 30 or Humalog Mix 50 thrice-daily, with the mean premixed insulin analogue doses were 0.59±0.30 IU/Kg*Day.

There were no differences in the 24-hrs MBG, the MAGE, the time spent in hyperglycemia and the incremental AUC of hyperglycemia, and the time spent in hypoglycemia and the incremental AUC of hypoglycemia within the two arms (Table 1). Although, CGM data showed that patients in Humalog Mix 50 arm experienced lower blood glucose concentrations in 1300 o’clock than that in Novo Mix 30 arm (9.47±2.46 vs. 10.26±2.70, P=0.03) (Figure 1).

Table 1. The blood glucose fluctuation parameters in all subjects.

Item		All patients (102)
		Humalog Mix 50	Novo Mix 30		P value
24 h MBG (mmol/L)		8.52±1.58	8.58±1.62		0.79
SDBG (mmol/L)		2.13±0.74	2.25±0.71		0.23
MAGE (mmol/L)		5.54±2.23	5.40±2.09		0.65
Duration above high limit (%)		25.61±22.09	29.59±22.14		0.20
Duration below low limit (%)		1.47±3.70	1.43±3.49		0.94
Glucose area above high limit (> 10.0 mmol/L*Day)		0.61±0.73	0.70±0.71		0.39
Glucose area below low limit (< 3.9 mmol/L*Day)		0.007±0.029	0.006±0.028		0.81

To identify he patients who had good responses to the premixed insulin analogues, the stratified analyses were performed. There were no differences in the above mentioned parameters within the two arms in male and female subgroups (Table 2, 3). Also, the blood glucose fluctuation parameters in younger (< 60 years) and older (≥ 60 years) patient subgroups did not differ to the two premixed insulin analogues (Table 4, 5).

Table 2. The blood glucose fluctuation parameters in male patients

Item		Male (52)
		Humalog Mix 50		Novo Mix 30		P value
24 h MBG (mmol/L)		8.25±1.39		8.23±1.37		0.95
SDBG (mmol/L)		2.14±0.73		2.30±0.77		0.27
MAGE (mmol/L)		5.60±2.21		5.81±2.21		0.64
Duration above high limit (%)		21.62±18.83		25.42±19.67		0.32
Duration below low limit (%)		2.06±4.47		2.13±4.31		0.93
Glucose area above high limit (> 10.0 mmol/L*Day)		0.47±0.54		0.56±0.63		0.43
Glucose area below low limit (< 3.9 mmol/L*Day)		0.010±0.036		0.010±0.036		1

Table 3. The blood glucose fluctuation parameters in female patients

Item		Female (50)
		Humalog Mix 50	Novo Mix 30		P value
24 h MBG (mmol/L)		8.81±1.73	8.95±1.78		0.69
SDBG (mmol/L)		2.12±0.75	2.20±0.65		0.56
MAGE (mmol/L)		5.47±2.27	4.97±1.89		0.24
Duration above high limit (%)		29.76±24.53	33.92±23.87		0.39
Duration below low limit (%)		0.86±2.60	0.70±2.17		0.74
Glucose area above high limit (> 10.0 mmol/L*Day)		0.76±0.87	0.84±0.77		0.62
Glucose area below low limit (< 3.9 mmol/L*Day)		0.004±0.020	0.002±0.014		0.56

Table 4. The blood glucose fluctuation parameters in younger patients (< 60 years)

Item		Younger (52)
		Humalog Mix 50	Novo Mix 30		P value
24 h MBG (mmol/L)		8.05±1.40	8.03±1.33		0.93
SDBG (mmol/L)		2.06±0.76	2.22±0.80		0.29
MAGE (mmol/L)		5.28±2.05	5.48±2.34		0.64
Duration above high limit (%)		19.78±21.36	22.06±17.18		0.55
Duration below low limit (%)		2.20±4.64	1.94±4.10		0.76
Glucose area above high limit (> 10.0 mmol/L*Day)		0.41±0.55	0.48±0.54		0.50
Glucose area below low limit (< 3.9 mmol/L*Day)		0.011±0.037	0.010±0.036		0.83

Table 5. The blood glucose fluctuation parameters in older patients

Item		Older (48)
		Humalog Mix 50		Novo Mix 30	P value
24 h MBG (mmol/L)		9.06±1.62		9.17±1.70	0.76
SDBG (mmol/L)		2.21±0.71		2.29±0.62	0.57
MAGE (mmol/L)		5.82±2.40		5.31±1.81	0.24
Duration above high limit (%)		32.17±21.24		37.42±24.08	0.26
Duration below low limit (%)		0.65±1.97		0.90±2.65	0.59
Glucose area above high limit (> 10.0 mmol/L*Day)		0.84±0.84		0.92±0.81	0.61
Glucose area below low limit (< 3.9 mmol/L*Day)		0.002±0.014		0.002±0.014	0.98

Discussion

Our data verified an observation that longstanding T2DM in China treated with Novo Mix 30 achieved similar blood fluctuations compared with that of Humalog Mix 50 therapy. Although patients in Humalog Mix 50 arm had more smooth blood glucose concentrations after lunch time.

Near-normal glucose control is more difficult to achieve, partly because of the limitations of the glycemic profile obtained from intermittent finger pricks[10]. The intermittent finger pricks were included in a total of three fasting capillary blood glucose monitoring, and capillary blood glucose monitoring 2 h after each of three meals[7]. HbA_1C is very useful as evidence of long term improvement in mean glucose in the large scale clinical studies for T2DM treatment[11,12]. Premixed insulin analogues might result in a decreasing of HbA_1C, and postprandial glucose levels compared with long-acting insulin analogues and noninsulin glucose lowering agents[13]. However, HbA_1C does not necessarily reflect daily plasma glucose fluctuations. Patients with large glucose fluctuations around a similar mean may have implications of a greater the risk for long-term diabetic complications[14,15]. CGM provides a unique opportunity to examine the 24-h glucose excursions in T2DM, which cannot be achieved by point-to-point glimpses of blood glucose.

China has tremendous number of T2DM patients ac2021 Copyright OAT. All rights reservd by Yang W. et.al. in 2007 [2]. Patients with T2DM in the Chinese population are quite variable when compared to Western countries. Examples are the thrifty gene carried in Chinese people[16], the different patterns of intake of nutrients, and life style, the good responsive to oral antidiabetic agents (e.g. a-glucosidase inhibitor, sulfonylureas), the lower insulin dose requirements, and the higher remission rate of short intensive insulin therapy[17]. Most importantly, the isolated postprandial hyperglyceamia is more prominent in Chinese patients when compared to white patients [2,5]. Thus, thrice-daily premixed insulin analogue therapy was administered to patients with T2DM in Chinese population after optimal glycaemic control cannot be achieved by initial insulin therapy[4].

Postprandial hyperglycemia, and acute glucose fluctuations may be important as independent risk factors for cardiovascular disease in patients with onset T2DM [18], the overproduction of superoxide by the mitochondrial electron-transport chain, which induces a subsequent nitrosative stress [19], and more specifically, the glucose fluctuations during postprandial periods [20].

Premixed insulin analogues were more effective than long-acting insulin analogues in decreasing postprandial glucose levels for containing component (e.g. Novo mix 30 contains 70% insulin aspart isophane, Humalog Mix 50 contains 50% insulin lispro protamine) controlling preprandial blood glucose[13,21]. In the present pilot study, we expected to see a more reduction of postprandial plasma glucose values in Humalog Mix 50 arm in patients with longstanding T2DM for Humalog Mix 50 which contains more component lowering postprandial plasma glucose concentrations than Novo mix 30. Our data showed a remarkable improved post lunch blood glucose concentrations in Humalog Mix 50 compared with that of Novo Mix 30. However, we did not observe the differences in blood glucose levels in post-breakfast and post-dinner. We addressed this as our limitation for we have no additional data to interpret this phenomenon. Study shows that Mix 30 might have advantages over Mix 50 in controlling fasting glucose concentration [22]. However, we did not observe the differences in other parameters of blood glucose fluctuations, such as MAGE, 24 h MBG, the SD of 24 h MBG (SDBG), the incremental AUC, and the incremental AUC in the two arms.

Our study still has other limitations. First, the study only observed Chinese population, so the situation might not be the same for other populations. Second, the stratified sample size was relatively modest. Third, we did not observe for a long time period of time.

In conclusion, our data indicate that patients with longstanding T2DM treated with Mix 30 achieved similar blood glucose fluctuations compared with that of Mix 50.

Author’s Contribution

JH. M., and L.Y. contributed to the conception and design of the study. FF. L., Y. Z., T. L., and WL. Z. contributed to the Conduct/data collection. XF. S., T. L., and JD. W. contributed to data analysis. FF. L., JH. M., and L.Y. contributed to the final manuscript writing.

Funding

This research was funded by Nanjing Public Health Bureau Project (No. YKK11110) and Jiangsu Provincial Department of Science and Technology Project (No. BL2014010).

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