Nursing Assistance to Patient with Cerebral Hemorrhage

Background: About 25% of strokes for elderly patients are due to acute cerebral hemorrhage. Consequently, treatments to improve prognosis should be identified. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed the type of nursing assistance given to patients with cerebral hemorrhage admitted to us from 2016 to 2018. Results: We tried to identify arecommended clinical nursing pathway for patients with acute cerebral hemorrhage, improving the clinical effects and nursing satisfaction and reducing adverse reactions. Conclusions: There is significant learner concern regarding education within the cerebral hemorrhage patients. Although there are educational guidelines and focused neurocritical care educational materials, these alone do not satisfy educational needs. This study demonstrates the need for educational changes, but it does not assess best strategies or curricular content.


Introduction
Cerebral hemorrhage is a non-traumatic and spontaneous hemorrhage of cerebral parenchyma, caused by blood vessels rupturing owing to hypertensive arteriolar sclerosis. Cerebral hemorrhage has an acute onset, rapid development, early onset of hemiplegia and disturbance of consciousness. Morbidity and mortality are high, making it one of the most lethal diseases [1]. Acute cerebral hemorrhage has a high incidence in elderly patients, accounting for about 25% of all strokes [2]. Clinical manifestations following acute cerebral hemorrhage can be brain edema, intracranial hypertension, high fever, cerebral herniation, limb and speech disorder, breathing and heartbeat inhibition, shock and even death have been reported [3]. Cerebral hemorrhage survivors may suffer from a number of complications, which may markedly affect both patients and their families. Cerebral hemorrhage has a high disability rate and even higher mortality rate [4]. In patients with acute cerebral hemorrhage, the provisions that characterize the assistance of the critical neurological patient must be implemented, especially if the state of consciousness is compromised.

Nursing Pathway
Nursing expertise and adequate staffing are important; nurses should receive focused initial and ongoingeducation and competency assessment for commonneurocritical care concepts, monitoring, proceduresand devices [5,6]. The principal contributors to quality patient outcomes are:

State of consciousness
• Assess the state of consciousness through the Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) and promptly detect the appearance of new neurological signs • Monitor pupils frequently (diameter and reactivity to light stimulus) • In case of psychomotor agitation, reassure the patient and inform the doctor

Breathing
• Ensure airway patency, keep the patient's head in a slightly raised position, monitor oxygen saturation in the blood

Hygiene
• Practice total hygiene based on patient autonomy • Replace the bed linen avoiding sudden movements or rapid changes in position • Take careful cleaning of the oral cavity even several times a day

Mobilization
It is necessary to ensure all measures to prevent thrombophlebitis and pressure sores by means of timely interventions. We must therefore: • Assume correct postures with particular attention to any plegic limbs; the decubitus should be alternated with frequency and the permanence on the hemiplegic side must be shorter than that on the healthy side • Use anti-bedsores (water, air mattresses, donuts, pillows) • Passively mobilize the patient

Vomiting
In case of vomiting it is necessary to ensure a correct airway patency, avoiding the occurrence of "abingestis" pneumonia.

• Position the patient in lateral decubitus
• Export any foreign bodies from the oropharynx and aspirate the secretions

Conclusions
In the patient with cerebral hemorrhage the nurse will have to monitor the cardiovascular and respiratory parameters and neurological status, putting in place a series of measures to promote improvement and prevent complications.
Patients with subarachnoid or cerebral hemorrhage are generally considered extremely "delicate" subjects. For such patients, after the acute phase, bed rest is imperative and all the stimuli that can provoke a pressure increase-both psychic (emotions) and physical (noises, trauma in the movements, enema dosage and energetic purgatives, protracted aspirations of tracheal secretions with stimulation of the reflex to cough)-are avoided.
The post-operative course of the patient provides a close control of the level of consciousness, the presence of headache or neck stiffness and the possible emergence of post-intervention neurological deficits. Intensive control of the blood pressure values is necessary to avoid ischemic complications due to vasospasm. We must not forget the possibility of the emergence of obstructive hydrocephalus. In addition, patients treated with endovascular procedure are often kept on anticoagulate with heparin for one week and on antiplatelet therapy for three months: they therefore require frequent coagulation checks, especially in the first postoperative week. Guidelines specific to neurocritical care disease states are available from the American Heart Association (AHA), NCS, American Academy of Neurology (AAN) and Congressof Neurological Surgeons, among others [7][8][9][10].