Rheological behavior and comparative analysis of nutrient composition of milk from three different breeds of goats, cows, and buffalo

Milk is a considerable resource of products whose composition varies. Four components are dominant in quantitative terms: water, fat, protein and lactose; while the minor components are minerals, enzymes, vitamins, and dissolved gases. Exogenous nutrients supply in the human diet is required because of their biological significance for common life conservation. Milk is said to be the most unique and ideal class of food, because it meets the nutritional needs of the body better than any single food. This study to investigate the major constituents of milk obtained from three different breeds of cows, Goats and found in local area of village such as Farah reason. Proximate parameters moisture, ash, crude protein and lipid were determined by AOAC methods and Rheological behavior such as viscosity analysis in milk sample and mineral element analysis by using ICPMS (Perkin Elmer) to determine calcium, phosphorus, sodium, potassium and magnesium respectively. Introduction Milk is a complex mixture of proteins, carbohydrates, vitamins, minerals and other constituents dispersed in water [1]. It is one of the oldest foods known to man [2]. On the basis of the protein content of milk, it is generally regarded as “nature’s most nearly perfect food” owing to its rich protein profile containing more essential amino acids than any other natural food [3]. In addition, milk is an important source of minerals especially calcium, phosphorus, sodium, potassium, chloride, iodine, magnesium, and small amounts of iron. These mineral constituents, calcium and phosphorus constitute a larger fraction in milk which is needed for bone growth and the proper development of newborns baby [4]. In humans, breast milk provides all the energy and nearly all nutrients required for infant growth and development during the first 1 to 6 months of life, as well as various immunological factors and bioactive components [5]. However, in the absence of breastfeeding, cow, Goat and Buffalo milk is commonly used as a weaning substitute for infants [6] often processed into various dairy formulas. Due to its high nutritive value, cow, Goat and Buffalo milk is widely consumed by infants and adults alike to meet their basic nutritional needs. Cow, Goat and Buffalo milk is the most universal raw material for processing dairy products resulting in the broadest spectrum of manufactured dairy products [7]. In Nigeria, cattle (cow) provide more than 90% of the total animal milk output while goats and sheep provide less than 10% and are kept for production of meat, hides and skin [8]. One of the primary goals of the dairy industry has always been to improve the technological properties of milk, including its chemical composition. Milk processing suitability is significantly affected by the proportions of milk components. It has been shown that the quality of milk intended for consumption and processing varies subject to Cow, Goat and Buffalo [7,9]. Hence there is need to exploit the local and exotic breeds of Cow, Goat and Buffalo in India in order to ascertain the best nutritionally enriched milk producer. *Correspondence to: Shiv Kumar Jayant, ICAR-CIRG Makhdoom, Farah, Mathura, India, E-mail: shivjayant7aug@gmail.com


Introduction
Milk is a complex mixture of proteins, carbohydrates, vitamins, minerals and other constituents dispersed in water [1]. It is one of the oldest foods known to man [2]. On the basis of the protein content of milk, it is generally regarded as "nature's most nearly perfect food" owing to its rich protein profile containing more essential amino acids than any other natural food [3]. In addition, milk is an important source of minerals especially calcium, phosphorus, sodium, potassium, chloride, iodine, magnesium, and small amounts of iron. These mineral constituents, calcium and phosphorus constitute a larger fraction in milk which is needed for bone growth and the proper development of newborns baby [4]. In humans, breast milk provides all the energy and nearly all nutrients required for infant growth and development during the first 1 to 6 months of life, as well as various immunological factors and bioactive components [5]. However, in the absence of breastfeeding, cow, Goat and Buffalo milk is commonly used as a weaning substitute for infants [6] often processed into various dairy formulas. Due to its high nutritive value, cow, Goat and Buffalo milk is widely consumed by infants and adults alike to meet their basic nutritional needs. Cow, Goat and Buffalo milk is the most universal raw material for processing dairy products resulting in the broadest spectrum of manufactured dairy products [7]. In Nigeria, cattle (cow) provide more than 90% of the total animal milk output while goats and sheep provide less than 10% and are kept for production of meat, hides and skin [8]. One of the primary goals of the dairy industry has always been to improve the technological properties of milk, including its chemical composition. Milk processing suitability is significantly affected by the proportions of milk components. It has been shown that the quality of milk intended for consumption and processing varies subject to Cow, Goat and Buffalo [7,9]. Hence there is need to exploit the local and exotic breeds of Cow, Goat and Buffalo in India in order to ascertain the best nutritionally enriched milk producer.
microwave digestion system for 1 hr 20 min at max temperature 185℃ on a micro-digestion bench. After digestion sample transferred in to 50 ml tube and final volume was make upto 25 ml. The digested samples were then analyzed by ICPMS (PerkinElmer, USA) for calcium (Ca), phosphorous (P), and magnesium (Mg), Sodium (Na) and Potassium (K) were estimated.
Statistical Analysis The data was analyzed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with SPSS 16.0 to examine the statistical significance of differences in the mean concentration of the proximate and mineral compositions of the Cow, Goat and Buffalo milk samples studied.

Results and discussion
The mean values (%) of the proximate analysis of milk samples obtained from the four different breeds of cow Goat and Buffalo milk samples studies are presented in Table1. The analysis of variance showed that moisture, protein, ash and lipid content were not significantly (p>0.05) different between the samples. However, from table1, the fat content differed significantly.
An analysis of the proximate composition of the Cow, Goat and Buffalo milk samples showed that the moisture values of milk sample 86.24%, 87.35%, 83.92%, protein value of milk sample 3.55%, 4.09%, 2.28%, Fat values of milk sample 4.25%, 3.50%, 10.5% and ash value of 1.15%, 1.05%, 1.39% respectively (Table 1). High moisture content is directly proportional to high water activity which in turn supports microbial growth consequently decreasing the shelf life of the milk sample. Conversely, low moisture content, implies low water activity, which causes the reduction of microbial growth and consequently increasing the shelf life of milk sample [12].

Viscosity and pH analysis
An analysis of the viscosity and pH composition of the Goat, Cow, and Buffalo milk samples showed that the viscosity 1.35, 1.55, and 3.50 respectively and pH values of milk sample such as Gaot, Cow and Buffalo in 6.71, 6.25, and 6.62 respectively ( Table 2).

Conclusion
Comparison of the proximate analysis of milk samples from thee different breeds such as Goat, Cow, and Buffalo milk samples in local market and area. Milk is a best nutritional dairy product but today largest market in India. Hence, different breeding such as Goat, Cow, and Buffalo, dairy breeds holds a great potential for the dairy industry.  Table 3. Mineral profile analysis in milk from different mammals such as goats, cow and buffalo Results are mean ± S.E. of four set of observation * P < 0.05, ** P < 0.001, *** P < 0.0001 and # P > 0.05