Alzheimer’s Disease: potential benefits of curcumin

Received: August 30, 2019; Accepted: September 17, 2019; Published: September 20, 2019 Alzheimer’s is a chronic neurodegenerative disease that usually starts slowly and gradually worsens over time. It is the cause of 60– 70% of cases of dementia among senior adults. The most common early symptom is difficulty in remembering recent events. As the disease advances, symptoms can include problems with language, disorientation, mood swings, loss of motivation, not managing selfcare, and behavioral issues [1]. As many as 5.7 million Americans were living with Alzheimer’s disease in 2018 [2].


Health benefits of curcumin
Turmeric spices have been used therapeutically since ancient times. The most active component in turmeric is curcumin, which constitutes 2-5% of the spice. Recent research has documented the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity of curcumin [8]. Despite its multineurotrophic properties, curcumin's use has been limited due to its poor absorption, rapid metabolism, and limited brain barrier permeability [9].
Curcumin has therapeutic efficacy against various human conditions and diseases including arthritis, cancer, cardiovascular diseases, Crohn's disease, degenerative joint disease, diabetes, hepatic disorders, inflammatory conditions, neurological diseases, oxidative stress, and skin disease [8][9][10]. These health benefits were documented using traditional curcumin products that were not prepared to optimize their absorption, bioavailability and efficacy.
In the last decade new curcumin formulations with improved bioavailability and minimal adverse effects have been developed. Meriva®, Theracumin® and Longvida® were the first curcumin nanoparticle developed and tested. Allegri [11] documented that Meriva (110 mg bid) was well tolerated and reduced eye discomfort over a 12-month period of follow-up. Appendino [12] evaluated the clinical effects of Meriva (100 mg bid) for patients with diabetic microangiography; compared to control subjects, Meriva-treated patients showed clinical improvement and tolerated the Meriva well. Belcaro & Rosaria [13] reported that patients with osteoarthritis had significant improvement in clinical and biochemical endpoints over an eight-month period while receiving Meriva 100 mg bid with excellent tolerability.
Sasaki [14] demonstrated the bioavailability and tolerability of Theracumin®. Small reported that Theracumin® (with curcumin doses of 180 mg/d) improved memory, attention and mood in non-demented adults. Ullah [8] predicted that curcumin would prevent and slow progression of neuroinflammatory brain disease in human adults.
Cox [4] utilized Longvida® optimized curcumin in a randomized, double-blind, controlled study of 60 healthy adults aged 60 to 85. With a dose of 80 mg curcumin daily, alertness and contentedness were significantly improved with good tolerability. Scholey [7] reported that administration of Longvida® during a 12-week randomized, doubleblind, placebo-controlled study improved neurocognitive function and mood in healthy older people.

Bioavailable curcumin effects on memory in humans
While long-term, controlled clinical trials examining the effects of bioavailable curcumin for patients with Alzheimer's disease have not been reported yet, clinical studies [4,6,7] are very encouraging. In addition, Rainey-Smith [5] examined the effects of Biocurcurmax™ on mental function of older adults. This product also had enhanced bioavailability and was associated with a smaller decline in mental function.
Because the efficacy of these new bioavailable curcumins experts [3,15] are beginning to recommend their use for persons with Alzheimer's disease. Because adult senior individuals may also have serum glucose or lipid challenges, or gastrointestinal problems, cardiac challenges or other conditions that curcumin may benefit [9], curcumin may have a range of benefits for persons with Alzheimer's disease. Reported side effects from the new bioavailable curcumins have been minimal [4][5][6][7][10][11][12].

Recommended Bioavailable Curcumin Products, Doses and Initial Doses
Longvida® Optimized Curcumin: 500 mg curcumin capsules; Meriva® SF: 500 mg curcumin capsules; Theracumin HP: 180 mg curcumin capsules (usual dose is 2 capsules); TrueCurcumin BCM-95  : 500 mg curcumin capsules. The usual initial recommendation is one dose 1 or 2 hours after lunch or dinner for one or two weeks and then one dose after each of these two meals.

Conclusions
Based on the available of these bioavailable curcumins and the clinical studies that have emerged in the last decade, we feel that care providers should consider use of these new curcumins in patients with Alzheimer's disease. Because there are over 80 different curcumin products currently available, care providers and consumers may not