Study of external parasitic infection in domestic dogs referred to Mazandaran veterinary clinic (Northern Iran)

This study evaluates external parasites in domestic dogs referred to veterinary clinics of Mazandaran Province (Northern Iran). The results of this study show that 110 Dogs (36.6%) infected with external parasites than among 52 Dogs (17.3%) infected with Rhipicephalus bursa . 41 dogs (13.6%) infected with Ctenocephalides canis and 17 dogs (5.6%) infected with both of Rhipicephalus bursa and Ctenocephalides canis . Considering the importance of external parasitic infection in domestic animals and the issue of public health, necessity of hygiene, prevention and control of these factors are very important.


Introduction
External parasites are a various group of Arthropod that have adapted to live on the body of many vertebrates. They may be found permanently or temporarily on host's body and west. Mites are the second most important carrier pathogen in vertebrates after mosquitoes. While they feed from vertebral body as forced parasite, they transmit a wide range of pathogens, including Bacteria, Viruses, Rickettsia and Protozoa. Ticks are very important of public health, because they live not only in the outdoors, but also in the humans have searching for a better living environment. The importance of tick bites in human should be considered as a problem because those who have somehow removed tick from their body should be prepared for maximum 30 days for outbreak of any signs and disease-related symptoms from tick like skin lesions at the bite site or temperature above 38º.
Paleontological studies have also shown that fleas have been infecting humans and animals since ancient times. These arthropods also cause dermatitis and if the animal's immune system is weak, they will cause death.
The close relationship between animals and humans causes the reason of many common infection diseases. Dog is an animal that has lived with humans for over 10000 years. This animal, as a member of the dog family, has adopted physically and socially so it can live in human's condition. This can cause many common diseases including parasite. In the meantime, Arthropods and especially this species as carriers of many infection agents play an important role.
Mazandaran province with latitude from 46' 35º to 58' 36º north latitude and 21' 50º to 08' 54º east longitude, located in north of Iran. Because of special geographical conditions, it is susceptible to the spread of many internal and external parasite agents including ticks. In this regard, surveys by Vahedi et al. [1] on ruminants (Cattle-sheep and goats) in the province show that 13 species of hard ticks are active. Dogs are among the animals that can carry many external parasites. According to the facts that the study of the status, distribution and abundance of external parasites are essential requirements for assessing the rise factors of infections caused by ticks and human transmitted disease, this study was performed on dogs in some parts of Mazandaran province.

Material and method
The method of this study was cross-sectional descriptive. For this purpose, samples from 300 domestic dogs referred to private veterinary clinics in Mazandaran province (northern Iran) for treatment was taken. External parasite samples separated from the animal's body by force after anesthesia by ether. After that, the samples placed in Ethanol 70% and glycerin 5% and sent to the laboratory for diagnosis. Samples examined in the laboratory under a magnifying glass at 10x and then at 40x.

Result
All the samples examined in the laboratory. The results showed that all the isolated ticks belonged to Rhipicephalus bursa and all the isolated fleas belonged to the Ctenocephalides canis (Figures 1 and 2). The results also show that 110 dogs (6.36%) infected with external parasites and between them, 52 dogs (3.17%) infected by Rhipicephalus bursa. In addition, 41 dogs (6.13%) infected by Ctenocephalides canis and 17 dogs (6.5%) infected with both Rhipicephalus bursa and Ctenocephalides canis.

Discussion
External parasite is active throughout the world and in most of vertebrates. The results of this study show that two species of external parasites are active in the investigated dogs.
Generally, the rate of infection was 36.6%, which the rate of Rhipicephalus bursa was (23%) and rate of Ctenocephalides canis was (19.3%) (Tables 1 and 2). Reminding the role and importance of external parasites, especially ticks and fleas in the transmission of protozoan and bacterial agents, this rate of infection is significant. In addition, in a study of homeless dogs in Mazandaran, Gilan and Qazvin provinces [2], overall 82.8% of the dogs infected with external parasites, which the rate of infection with fleas was (77.5%) and rate of infection with ticks was (6.8%).
The reason for the high infection rate in the study of Ebrahimzadeh et al. [2], compared to this study was that in their study, dogs were homeless. Also, studies on dogs in Erzurum region of Turkey [3], showed overall (43.75%) infection of the studied dogs with external parasites which share of fleas infection was (35.42%) and share of ticks  infection was (6.25%) and mite was (2.08%) [4][5][6][7][8].
By Comparing two studies of Ebrahimzadeh and Aldemir with this study, concluded that flea contamination was higher than mite contamination. This may be due to sampling season that affect the activity of external parasite species. However, the geographical condition of the area should be considered.
As a conclusion, in this study, two species of external parasites identified and separated in dogs referred to veterinary clinics of Mazandaran province (north of Iran). It is advised that the prevention of external parasite's infection in domestic dogs should be considered based on hygienic actions such as spraying the environment and using anti-parasitic agents in pets.